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Letter 2181

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Henry Barham Sr. to Hans Sloane – November 6, 1717


Item info

Date: November 6, 1717
Author: Henry Barham Sr.
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4045
Folio: ff. 58-61


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 58] Worthy Sr I formerly takeing the Freedom to write to you whilest I was in Jamaica of the Great use advantage and Benefitt that Island might Receive by the Natural History you writ of ye Herbs and Trees there Growing, if they would but make a rite use of that so Laborious Learned and Intelligable Volum, where every Plant is so Exactly Laid down that with only by Reading your Descriptions and having a Recourdr or View on Your Icons, I was a lone able to Distinguish one Plant from Another, and Soon became Familiarly Acquainted with the Tribes of every kind; and as I Signifyed to you that I had made it my Bussiness to finde out the Specifick Quality of some those Plants you there Mention, which undertakeing you were Pleased to Incourage by a Letter you Favoured me with Made me the more Inquisitive and Diligent into the search not only of Plants, but also of What ever fell in my Way that I thoughtt might be of use or Service to the Island and Satisfaction to yourself as farr as my mean Capacity Could Contribute not forgetting that Saying: Semper officio fungitor (says Cicero) Utilitati Hominum consulons et Societati, and Hippocrates the Prince of Physitians sayeth, No cunctoris otiam ab Sidiotis Inquirare et Disedre [?] Siquid ad Modend: Occaso=onem facr Vidatur, and as I am Willing to take Notice of these things that first Appear or are Mentioned in your first Volum Intending (as this is Received to go on Gradually with every thing that may be of use by Way of Letters: And therefore first takeing Notice in your Introduction Page 11the where you Spake of A Hot Bath of Spring Near Morant in the Eastward Part of the Island Situated in A Wood, which has been Bathed in and Drunk of late yours for the Belly ach with great success And should I Enu=merate the Great and Wonderfull Cures that have been effectually performed by Drinking and Bathing in this Wonderful Medecinal Water a Large Volum would not Contain them, and was it not for the ill situation of the Place and Great Difficulty to come at it I Question not but as many more Cures might be performd by it as hath been Already: This Water Gushes out of an Almost Perpendic=ular Rock of A very Great Height not farr from a Place Called Plant=in Garden River opposite is Another Rocky mountain with a little Riverlet between wch is very stony, so that it makes the way that leads to it for 3 or 4 miles very Difficult to Travell in it: Persons being Obliged to goe for the most Part in the River only Now and then A path Dugg out of ye Sides of the mountains wch are so Near to each Other and So High that you Seldom see ye Suns brightness until Near a Eleven or Twelve A Clock; This Hot Water Discharges its self through Three Several Places of ye Rocks like Spouts and are of Different degress of Heat The Upper and Farther most up the River is the Hotest the Next to it not quite so Hot: The Lowest or Hithermost something Cooler, But the Coldest of three farr Exceeds in Heat any of out English Hot Baths for Noo Person dare Attempt to Bathe in ye Coldest of these Waters until it hath been put in A Tub the Best part of an Hour, and if Carried 10 or 12 miles from ye Place it is taken from will be sufficiently Hot to Bathe in, Now to Account for this Uncommon Heat in this Water, is no Small Task especially by me who hath but a small Share in ye knowledg of the Secret and Hidden mysteries of Nature Some are of the Opinion that there is there or Near to that Place a subterraneous Fire or A Vulcano and the Rather because its Observd that all our Shocks or Earthquakes comes first from that Way and always running swiftly to the Westward some are of the Opinion that there is A Rich Mine Near unto it because fine Glittering Marcasites are found Near it (of wch I have brought some over with me) The moss that Grows Upon ye Rocks N[ear and] round about these Hot Water Spouts or Courses are Coverd with Sulphurous Matter to that degree that Card matches have been made of it (as I have been informd) I know a Gentlewoman that had A most Obstinate inveterate Vecor [?] and Her Legg w[as] not be Cured any Way or means until she went to the B[ath] where by Drinking and Constantly Bathing ye Part and Laying in some of the Sulphurated moss was in A most Wonderfull manner firmly and quickly Cured: It was no Small Wonder to me Hearing of so many Eminent Cures Performed by this Hot Water (especially in ye Loss of the use of Limbs Occasioned by Bilious Policks [?] and Restoring those that had wholly Lost their Appetites and emaciated to meer skeletons so strangely Recovered;) And no body Inquier into the Nature and Quality of so eminent a Thermetical Water or in A Chymical Manner Inquier what Salts or Sulphur and in What quantity of either might be found in it: And I having formerly made some Essays Upon A Medecinal Cold Water at St Faiths in ye Parish of St Johns of Guanaboo (wch I shall give an Account of Here after) Thought it would be a means to sett Some Other Persons att Work About this Hot Water to Windward Knowing that there was many Ingenious and well qualifyed Persons frequented that place and fitt for such an Inquiery: Noo attempts being made of that kinde I was persuaded to make some Tryalls for the Publick Benefitt and Satisfaction of some Perticular Persons that frequently made use of that Water, wch I Never yet Published being made Just before I Left that Island: And Now Worthy Sr. if it be worth your Acceptance I shall entertain you with an Exact Diara [sic] of my Several Ways and Manner I Essayed the Above aid Water which when summed up you will be a Better Judge of its Nature and quality than I Can pretend to: Feb: 7th 1716 Upon first View of this Water I Could not Desern any Different Colour from any Other I Observed it had A strange and uncommon Sulphurous smell I Put some of it into a Silver Tankard and in A Few Hours it turned the Silver of A Copperous Colour and ye Upper part Near the sur.. [fol. 59] Surface Of the Water the Sides of the Tankard as Turned of A Blackish Blew Colour and very Thick: 8th I Nicely Weighed the Bath Water with that of Rio de Cobra and Could not find A grain Different in Weight of one from ye Other 9th I Infused in it Cold wch did not give Neither Black or Purple Colour Altho it stood 24 Hours 10th I Put some of this Water into 3 small Glasses into the one Oil of Tartar per Delqh: [?] into Another Rectifyed Oil of Vitriol and into a Third Sal Armoniac Neither of which made any Vizable Alteration or Precepitation 11th I filled 2 small Glasses of this Water and put into one Danzick Vitriol and in the Other English White Vitriol this Changed ye Water to an Amber Colour but Noo precepitation the Other Vitriol made little or no Alteration 12th I made the Water Just Boil and then Infusd Galls in it but noo Alteration in Colour appeard so that I Concluded that is in no Respect Ferruginous [?] 13th I Tried if Distilled Vinegar would make A precipitation but None Appeard 14 I Tried it With Soap and found it made A Stronger and A most Lasting Lather than any Lixivual of Ashes what Leands [?] 15th I made 3 Strong Tinctures in Common Water of Brasilloto [?] Red Saunders and A Red Dying Root that Grows in Jamaica I Dropt into each of These Tinctures some of ye Bath Water which Increased and Heightened their Ruby Complextion 16 I made an Infusion of Lign: Nephriticum in Common Water Another Infusion or Tincture of Jamaica blew berries Called by Some Indigo berries to wch I added Bath Water wch immediately Heightened to a great Degree their Sky or Azure Colour, after which I Dropt in A few Drops of Sp: of Sal Armon: and into ye Other Sp: of Vitrial tho one was Turned into A del:icate Green the Other into a Bright Red 17 I began to Evaporat over A Gentle fire some of ye Bath Water in wch I could not finde Any Sulphuring or precepitated Matter 20th I filled A Small Cucurbit about Half full of the Bath Water (which Smelled very Strong) and Luted A Glass Lembeck Head to it and A Glass Receiver and began to Drane it over the Helm very Gently for 3 Days together I Observed the Water that came over into ye Receiver had no smell; which I Lett Stand Close Stopt: for A Week in which time there Appeared fine Clouds like fine White flecks, some sticking to ye sides of the Glass like Snow Some Waveing About like white Feathers some of which would Rise within an Inch of ye Surface of ye Water, Other Subsideing Almost to the bottom of ye Glass but very litely, for upon ye least motion of the glass they would rise almost to the middle Region of ye Water but Some Clouds stuck fast to the sides of the Glass waveing about like Feathers and would not precepitate to ye bottom; March; I began to make Tryals of the Water Drawn Over into the Receivers by pouring some off it into 4 Glasses into the first I put in Rectifyed oil of Vitriol into A 2d Spirit of Salt into A 3d Butter of Antimony into the 4th Strong Vipegar [?] The first had no Vizable precepitation The 2d had A Small white precepitation like Common Salt in fine Grains The 3d had A very Copious precepitation like Antimon: Diapto: The 4th had no precepitation 9th I poured some of ye Distilled Water into 3 Small Glasses into ye first I put Sp: Sal: Armon: into ye 2d Sp:ll and into ye 3d Ole [?] Tartar per delg. in Neither of which I could not perceive any Alteration of precepitation 11 I made A Strong Solution of drie [?] Sublimat in Common Water, into which I put in Some of ye Distilled Bath Water wch made no Vizable Alteration or precepitation as might be Expected had there been Any Adsonicall [?] Sulphurous quality to it. 12 I put into 2 little Glasses Some of ye Distilled Water into wch I put into one Solution of Danzwick Vitriol and into ye Other Roman Vitriol the first had A yellowish precepitation, the Other Turned a little Greenish with it Whitish yellow precepitate 13th I Put in Three Pints of the Bath Water into A Glass Cucurbit Lakeing [?] very Close it Lembick Head and Receiver and Distilled it or Drew it all off to A Dryness, There Remain [fol. 60] There Remaining in the bottom of the Cucurbit A Small Caput Mors: I broke ye vessel and Scraped it Clean off, wch was of a lite Brown Colour Weighing 24 grains and very Pungent Upon the Tongue I put it Upon A Red Hot Iron wch made a little Smoak Turning Black like Other Minerals or Crude Antimony I held A bright peece of Iron over the Smoak wch Turned ye Iron of a Blewish Colour Some part of it of A yellowish Golden Colour After this I put it Upon a Broad pointed Knife very bright and Held it over the Flame of A Candle until the Knife was of A Sulphurous Smell, but no flame, What Remained Upon the Knife was of A Whitesh Gray in Grains Weighing 10 Grains and Divested of all Manner of ill or Sulphurous Smell Rather Aromatick as the Ingenious and Worthy Dr Hay was Pleased to Call it who was Well Pleased with my Pains and Labour I had taken and Upon tasteing out found it Reddily Dissolved Upon the Tongue with a quick and Smart Pungenty Those were the Tryalls I made Upon this so usefull a Water and had made many more had I not been prevented by my comeing to Great Britain: The Cold Water at St Faiths I Shall give you an Account if Desired; Here after and then shall proceed to the Specifick Qualitys of Some of those Plants Growing in Jamaica not forgetting the Black Spider of which I have brought over with me Mentioned in A former Letter of mine in the mean While I shall Always Remain your most Faithfull friend and Obedient Servant to Command Henry Barham November 6th 1717 I understanding you would be at Crane Court to morrow Left this Letter with Mr Thomas for you

Henry Barham (1670?-1726) was a botanist. He lived in Jamaica and corresponded with Sloane on the plant and animal life of the island. Parts of Barham’s letters to Sloane appeared in the latter’s Natural History of Jamaica (T. F. Henderson, Barham, Henry (1670?1726), rev. Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1374, accessed 13 June 2011]).



Patient Details

Letter 2614

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

George Mullens to Hans Sloane – November 24, 1735


Item info

Date: November 24, 1735
Author: George Mullens
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4076
Folio: f. 135


Original Page


Transcription

Fol. 135 This comes to you by ye order of Lord Chief Justice Eyre to desire your assistance on his Lordships present indisposition. You have been acquainted with his complaints of late of a weakness in his legs and weakness from short walking or journeying. These symptoms have increased upon him since his coming to this place, but 8 or 9 days agoe his Lordship was seiz’d with violent payns in calfs which began usually about midnight and continued till 7 or 8 in ye morn with great restlessness preventing sleep. The seat of payn is ye whole length of ye legs which under ye paroxysms are extremely hott, attended at ye same time with a brisk fever, ful pulse and foul tongue. Notwithstanding this ye urine has never afforded ye least high colour or sediment, but is allways pale with an uncommon brightness or shining. Upon ye appearance of fever I have treated his Lordship with a cooling regimen, keeping ye body open with lenitive electuary and testaceous powders in a diaphoretic antimony, salt prunell and ye like. It is observable that after ye first days abstinence from flesh and wine (which he has born without any sinking of spirits) he had very good rest one night and gentle sweats, which have since fayld him yesterday morning his Lordship lost near three times of blood from ye Arm, but without giving better rest ye night past. It is very observable that his Appetite continued not ye least palld by his low Diet of which he eats freely and drinks of thin liquors very plentifully. I have this morn given him a gentle purgation of tamaurel, senna, manna, cream of tartar. I have hitherto expected absolution by gentle sweat but still disappointed, or at least as ye fever seems to be of ye intermittent kind (for all ye day he is very… and easy) his case would afford a fair indic for ye cortex…



Patient Details

  • Patient info
    Name: N/A Robert Eyre
    Gender:
    Age:Eyre was 68-69 years of age.
  • Description
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    Previous Treatment:
    Ongoing Treatment:

    Cooling regimen at onset of fever; body kept open with lenitive electuary; testaceous powders [diaphoretic antimony, salt prunell]; abstention from eating meat and drinking wine; blooded; purgatives [tamaurel, senna, manna, cream of tartar].


    Response:

    Patient showed some brief improvement once meat and wine were removed from his diet. Intermittent fever not broken by gentle sweats.
    [Note. Eyre died the following month, on 28 December].

  • More information
  • Medical problem reference
    Pain, Urinary, Mouth, Inflammations, Fevers

On Tooth Worms

Posted on February 9, 2015 by - Animal History, Early Modern History, Experimentation, History of Medicine, Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society, Specimens

St. Apollonia, patron saint of tooth pain. Francisco de Zurbaran, 1636.

The 9th of February is St. Apollonia’s Day and, in the U.S., National Toothache Day. So I offer you tooth-worms, which–as Nicolas Andry described them in An account of the breeding of worms in human bodies (1701)—“occasion a deaf Pain mix’d with an itching in the teeth; they insensibly consume the Teeth, and cause a hideous Stink” (85). On 3 July 1700, John Chamberlayne wrote to Hans Sloane on the matter of his own tooth worms.

Now, these men were not people with particularly weird ideas, even for the time. Rather, the idea that toothaches were caused by worms had been around for a very long time. For a good overview of this verminous history, you should read Lindsey Fitzharris’ post on “The Battle of the Tooth Worm”.

This idea was still widely held in the late seventeenth century, even by the intellectual elite. For example, at a Royal Society meeting on 18 July 1678, Robert Hooke compared a growth within a tree trunk to tooth rot. At this point, Society members digressed into discussions of worms causing rot and the removal of tooth worms. In one case, a woman extracted the worms with a sharpened quill; in other cases, “the same thing was done by the help of the fumes of henbane seeds taken into the mouth; whereby the saliva falling into a basin of water held underneath, would discover several living worms, supposed to issue either from the gums or teeth”.[1]

Old knowledge could even, seemingly, be supported by investigations using new technologies. In a letter published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1684, Anton van Leewenhoek described his microscopical observations “about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth”. Leeuwenhoek started with his own teeth, “kept usually clean”. He examined other samples of tooth plaque from two women, an eight-year old and two old men.Using his microscope, he discovered several sorts of creatures, some like worms, in the plaque—so many that “they exceed the number of Men in a kingdom”. These creatures, though, were present in sound, healthy teeth. Could these be tooth worms?

Leeuwenhoek was not so convinced by 1700 when two of his letters “concerning Worms Pretended to be Taken from the Teeth” was published in the Phil. Trans. He had examined two worms “taken out of a corrupt Tooth by smoaking”, one of which was still alive after four days in the post (sent on 4 July 1700). Leeuwenhoek believed it came from the egg of a type of fly that laid their eggs in cheese. He rounded up more worms from his local friendly cheesemonger and ran several experiments (including watching the worms copulate).

As to how the worms ended up in the teeth… Teeth—or, flesh more specifically—were not the worms’ natural habitat. The flies took nine days to mature, but meat needed to be salted or smoked sooner. Leeuwenhoek instead believed that the worm specimens had come from a patient who

had some time before eaten Cheese laden with young Worms, or Eggs of the above-mention’d Flies, and that these Worms or Eggs were not touch’d or injur’d in the chewing of the Cheese, but stuck in the hollow Teeth.

Gnawing worms had caused the tooth pain. Or did they?

For his work on bodily worms, Andry had also examined some worms “that a Tooth-Drawer took off of a Lady’s Teeth in cleaning them”. Based on this case, Andry concluded that tooth worms rotted the teeth, but did not cause any pain. These small, long and slender worms with round black heads bred “under a Crust that covers the Surface of the Teeth when they’re disorder’d” (38).

To the modern reader, Leeuwenhoek’s argument is more sensible. Sure, there might be microscopic creatures living on the teeth, but they were not the same as the so-called tooth worms… which were really more cheese worms than anything. But at the time, Andry’s version would have been compelling. Worms were thought to breed in unclean conditions and, as Andry made clear, they could breed under a crust on an unhealthy tooth: it was the disorder in the tooth, not the worm, that caused the pain.

James Gillray’s, ‘Easing the Tooth-ach’, 1796. Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

When John Chamberlayne, Fellow of the Royal Society, wrote to Sloane about his own tooth-worms, he did so in the interest of advancing knowledge and reporting on an efficacious treatment. He did not ask for Sloane’s advice, but instead reported on his visit to Mr. Upton, known for his “tooth-candling” expertise. Using heat and smoke, Upton removed rheum from Chamberlayne’s gums and extracted ten or twelve worms. This was apparently on the low side, since Upton on a really good day could remove sixty worms.

Chamberlayne claimed that he ordinarily had no faith in men such as Upton (meaning: irregular practitioners, sometimes known as quacks), but many gentlemen of his acquaintance had attested to the success of Upton’s treatment. Of course, given that Chamberlayne also described his teeth as “loose and corrupted”, he may also have been willing to try anything for what must have been terrible pain!

Chamberlayne was familiar with the wider discussions about bodily worms, referring, for example, to Leeuwenhoek’s 1684 article in the Phil. Trans. Besides the report, Chamberlayne may have taken a chance to do his bit for knowledge in another way: he may have sent Sloane some tooth worms. Is it just coincidence that Chamberlayne’s letter to Sloane was dated 3 July 1700 and that Leeuwenhoek referred to worm specimens sent on 4 July 1700?

Whatever the case, one moral of the story is: choose your cheese wisely if you have bad teeth.

[1] Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London, vol. 3 (1757): 428.

Letter 0371

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Samuel Smith to Hans Sloane – June 29, 1692


Item info

Date: June 29, 1692
Author: Samuel Smith
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4036
Folio: f. 130


Original Page


Transcription

Dale asks Smith to pass 6 botanical queries on to Sloane. Smith requests Sloane provide his answers ‘wth w’t convenient speed you can’. Samuel Dale was an apothecary, botanist, and physician who contributed several articles to the Philosophical Transactions. He was John Ray’s executor and good friend, and from Dale’s letters to Sloane we learn many details of Ray’s final moments (G. S. Boulger, Dale, Samuel (bap. 1659, d. 1739), rev. Juanita Burnby, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7016, accessed 5 July 2013]). Samuel Smith apprenticed to the book trade in 1675 and was indentured to the bookseller Samuel Gellibrand followed by Moses Pitt. Smith joined the Stationers Company and became freeman of the company and then freeman of the city of London in 1682. Smith published the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions from the beginning of his career and he and his partner Benjamin Walford were officially named ‘printers to the Royal Society’ in 1693 (Marja Smolenaars, Ann Veenhoff, Smith, Samuel (bap. 1658, d. 1707), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63289, accessed 27 June 2013]).



Patient Details

Letter 0373

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Samuel Smith to Samuel Smith – June 29, 1692


Item info

Date: June 29, 1692
Author: Samuel Smith
Recipient: Samuel Smith

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4036
Folio: f. 130


Original Page


Transcription

Dale asks Smith to pass 6 botanical queries on to Sloane. Smith requests Sloane provide his answers ‘wth w’t convenient speed you can’. Samuel Dale was an apothecary, botanist, and physician who contributed several articles to the Philosophical Transactions. He was John Ray’s executor and good friend, and from Dale’s letters to Sloane we learn many details of Ray’s final moments (G. S. Boulger, Dale, Samuel (bap. 1659, d. 1739), rev. Juanita Burnby, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7016, accessed 5 July 2013]). Samuel Smith apprenticed to the book trade in 1675 and was indentured to the bookseller Samuel Gellibrand followed by Moses Pitt. Smith joined the Stationers Company and became freeman of the company and then freeman of the city of London in 1682. Smith published the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions from the beginning of his career and he and his partner Benjamin Walford were officially named ‘printers to the Royal Society’ in 1693 (Marja Smolenaars, Ann Veenhoff, Smith, Samuel (bap. 1658, d. 1707), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63289, accessed 27 June 2013]).



Patient Details

Letter 0372

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Samuel Dale to Hans Sloane – June 29, 1692


Item info

Date: June 29, 1692
Author: Samuel Dale
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4036
Folio: f. 130


Original Page


Transcription

Dale asks Smith to pass 6 botanical queries on to Sloane. Smith requests Sloane provide his answers ‘wth w’t convenient speed you can’. Samuel Dale was an apothecary, botanist, and physician who contributed several articles to the Philosophical Transactions. He was John Ray’s executor and good friend, and from Dale’s letters to Sloane we learn many details of Ray’s final moments (G. S. Boulger, Dale, Samuel (bap. 1659, d. 1739), rev. Juanita Burnby, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7016, accessed 5 July 2013]). Samuel Smith apprenticed to the book trade in 1675 and was indentured to the bookseller Samuel Gellibrand followed by Moses Pitt. Smith joined the Stationers Company and became freeman of the company and then freeman of the city of London in 1682. Smith published the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions from the beginning of his career and he and his partner Benjamin Walford were officially named ‘printers to the Royal Society’ in 1693 (Marja Smolenaars, Ann Veenhoff, Smith, Samuel (bap. 1658, d. 1707), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63289, accessed 27 June 2013]).



Patient Details

Letter 0370

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Samuel Dale to Samuel Smith – June 29, 1692


Item info

Date: June 29, 1692
Author: Samuel Dale
Recipient: Samuel Smith

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4036
Folio: f. 130


Original Page


Transcription

Dale asks Smith to pass 6 botanical queries on to Sloane. Smith requests Sloane provide his answers ‘wth w’t convenient speed you can’. Samuel Dale was an apothecary, botanist, and physician who contributed several articles to the Philosophical Transactions. He was John Ray’s executor and good friend, and from Dale’s letters to Sloane we learn many details of Ray’s final moments (G. S. Boulger, Dale, Samuel (bap. 1659, d. 1739), rev. Juanita Burnby, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7016, accessed 5 July 2013]). Samuel Smith apprenticed to the book trade in 1675 and was indentured to the bookseller Samuel Gellibrand followed by Moses Pitt. Smith joined the Stationers Company and became freeman of the company and then freeman of the city of London in 1682. Smith published the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions from the beginning of his career and he and his partner Benjamin Walford were officially named ‘printers to the Royal Society’ in 1693 (Marja Smolenaars, Ann Veenhoff, Smith, Samuel (bap. 1658, d. 1707), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63289, accessed 27 June 2013]).



Patient Details

Introducing Sir Hans Sloane

Posted on December 1, 2015 by -

Sir Hans Sloane. Mezzotint by J. Faber, junior, 1729, after Sir G. Kneller, 1716. Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

Introduction

This overview of Sir Hans Sloane’s life is intended to provide context for the correspondence, but you can find other stories about Sloane and his family in the blog posts, as well as searching the letters under the subject-heading ‘Sloane Family’.

Early Life

Hans Sloane was born in Killyleagh, Co. Down on 16 April 1660 to Protestant parents Alexander and Sarah Sloane. His father was an agent for James Hamilton (Viscount Claneboye, later Earl of Clanbrassil) and receiver-general of taxes for the county. During his lifetime, Sir Hans Sloane was well-known as a physician, scientist and collector. Today, his books, manuscripts, curiosities and plant specimens provide the foundation collections of the British Library, British Museum, Natural History Museum and Chelsea Physic Garden (all in London). An electoral ward in London (Hans Town) remains named after him, as do several streets around Sloane Square.

Education

Although his early schooling took place in Killyleagh, Sloane moved at the age of nineteen to London, where he studied medicine for the next four years. He then moved to Paris for three months, where he worked at the Jardin Royale des Plantes and the Hopital de la Charite. In 1683, he took his doctorate at the University of Orange, then attended the University of Montpellier until late May 1684. Sloane later received a doctor of medicine degree from the University of Oxford in 1701. Throughout his studies, Sloane was particularly interested in chemistry and botany, forming close relationships with well-known people in those fields: John Ray, Robert Boyle and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.

Marriage

Sloane married Elizabeth Rose in 1695. As the daughter London alderman John Langley and widow of Fulk Rose of Jamaica, his wife brought significant property to the marriage: her father’s estate and an income from her late husband’s Jamaican properties. They had four children, two of whom survived until adulthood. Hans and Mary died as infants. Sarah married George Stanley of Paultons, Hampshire, while Elizabeth married Charles Cadogan, who would become the 2nd Baron Cadogan of Oakley. Sloane’s wife predeceased him in 1724.

Early Career

Hans_Sloane00Sloane returned to London to practice medicine. Thomas Sydenham, a physician noted for his application of scientific observation to medical cases, became an advocate for his career and introduced him to prospective patients. On April 13, 1687, Sloane was admitted as a fellow to the Royal College of Physicians, London.

In the same year, Sloane became the personal physician to Christopher Monck, the second duke of Albermarle. The Duke was leaving to become Governor of Jamaica and Sloane was eager for the opportunity to study new plants and drugs. Sloane was in Jamaica from December 1687 to March 1689. The Duke had died in October 1688, but his household was unable to return to England immediately because of the ongoing revolution. During his stay in Jamaica, Sloane kept notes about the weather, the landscape and the plants. He also collected samples, including 800 plants, many of which were new to Europe. Sloane remained in the employ of the Duchess of Albemarle for nearly four years before setting up his own practice in Bloomsbury, a fashionable part of London.

 

 

The Royal Society

Sloane was elected to the Royal Society in 1685 and remained an active member throughout his life. He played an extensive role in its administration. By 1695, he was Secretary. When he became Secretary in 1695, the Society appeared to be in a state of decline, with the Philosophical Transactions even lapsing for a time. Until 1712, Sloane was responsible for the continued publication of the Philosophical Transactions and for promoting the Society. He chased up members whose accounts were in arrears and encouraged donations, as well as corresponding extensively with scholars across the world. From 1727 to 1741, Sloane was President of the Society; he resigned at the age of eighty-one because of poor health.

Scholarship

Sloane kept the Royal Society at the centre of the learned world. He was well-connected with scholars across Europe, maintaining an extensive and detailed correspondence. Sloane did not write many books or articles, being busy with his medical practice and administrative commitments to the Royal Society. Even so, his contributions were regarded favourably. From the 1690s, Sloane wrote his observations from the West Indies for the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Topics included philosophical-transactions-v1_510earthquakes and botany. In 1696, he published a catalogue of Jamaican plants, which he dedicated to the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. The catalogue was well-received, providing a better system of naming plants and detailed descriptions. Sloane’s major work was the Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers, and Jamaica, with the natural history . . . of the last of those islands, the first volume of which was published in 1707 and the second volume in 1725. The book was recognised even outside England, receiving an excellent review in the French Journal des Sçavans.

 

 

Collections

Sloane started to build his collection during his trip to Jamaica, bringing back items such as plants, corals, minerals, insects and animals. By the 1690s, he also started to acquire other people’s collections, which included books, manuscripts and antiquities. He had extensive links with people travelling abroad, from Carolina to China, from whom he purchased items or with whom he exchanged samples and information. To keep track of his expanding collection, Sloane methodically catalogued every item in detail. As the collection grew, he also needed space, buying at first the house next door in Bloomsbury, then later a much larger property in Chelsea. For Sloane, the point was not simply to acquire items, but to study the natural world and to understand its medical applications. He also permitted anyone who was interested in the collection to view it.

Honours and Appointments

Sloane received a number of honours related to his practice of medicine. By 1705, the Edinburgh College of Physicians elected him as a fellow and from 1719 to 1735, he was the President of the Royal College of Physicians in London. In 1712, Sloane became Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, even attending her during her last illness in 1714, and was frequently called in to treat members of the royal family. George I named Sloane a Baronet in 1716, while George II made him Physician-in-Ordinary.

He was also recognised for his contributions in natural philosophy. In 1699, he became a correspondent of the French Académie Royale des Sciences and was named foreign associate in 1709. Several academies of science elected him as a foreign member: the Prussia (1712), St. Petersburg (1735), Madrid (1735) and Göttingen (1752). A medal from 1744 commemorated Sloane’s presidency of the Royal Society.

Medical Practice

Sloane’s patients were primarily from the middle and upper classes, coming from across the British Isles and, on chocolate-wrapoccasion, Europe. Although he was not known for being an innovator, he was respected for his careful observations and willingness to use new remedies once they proved helpful. He prescribed, for example, quinine (distilled from Peruvian Bark), invested in it heavily and wrote about it for the Philosophical Transactions. He was also instrumental in the adoption of smallpox inoculation in England, using it on his own family and successfully encouraging its use for the Royal Family. Sloane has also been widely linked to the promotion of milk chocolate as a remedy.

 

Charity

In addition to his Bloomsbury practice, Sloane was appointed as a physician of Christ’s Hospital from 1694 to 1730. Hospitals at this time were only for the care of the poor and Sloane donated his annual hospital salary back to Christ’s Hospital. Sloane also supported the Royal College of Physician’s dispensary, which aimed to provide inexpensive medicines and he ran a free surgery every morning. He was a member of the board of the Foundling Hospital and made significant donations to other hospitals.

Later Life

Sloane, 10 September 1740, Jonathan Richardson the Elder. Credit: Yale Center for British Art.

At the age of 79, Sloane suffered from a disorder with some paralysis, from which he did not recover. He retired to his home in Chelsea in 1742, where he remained until his death in 1753. The house in Chelsea was filled with his collections of books and curiosities, an early museum which the learned and well-to-do (including the Prince and Princess of Wales) made appointments to visit. It became his growing intention that his collections should be made publicly available and the collection was to be offered for sale to the King, the Royal Society, or to other specified institutions. After George II declined, the trustees petitioned successfully parliament to purchase the collection for the good of the nation at the cost of £20,000, a sum which went to his daughters. The true cost of the collection was valued at upwards of £80,000.

 

Selected References

Brooks, E. Sir Hans Sloane: The Great Collector and His Circle. London, 1954.

De Beer, G. R. Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum. London, 1953.

Delbourgo, James. Collecting the World: The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane. London, 2017.

MacGregor, Arthur, ed. Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, Scientist, Antiquary, Founding Father of the British Museum. London, 1994.

MacGregor, Arthur. “Sloane, Sir Hans, baronet (1660—1753)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25730].

 

 

Letter 0758

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Richard Richardson to John Woodward – July 8, 1702


Item info

Date: July 8, 1702
Author: Richard Richardson
Recipient: John Woodward

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4039
Folio: ff. 4-5


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 4] North Bierley July 8 702 Sir/ I received yours sometime agoe & am very much obliged to you for the offer of your assistance in order to a collection of naturel raritys; tis very likely you have duplicats of severall curiositiys often brought you to be sold when that happens doe me the favoure to be a purchase for me & I wil very thankfully disburst whatever you lay out upon my account any thing in naturell History cannot come amiss but in medals I doe not intent to concerne my selfe my collection of Bookes in Nat: Hist: is but very inconciderable being but an nue beginer in that way unles in Botany, & of that sort I am prety wel provided, though I want severall late Authors. I have nothing of Dr Turniforts unles his Cat: of the garden at paris & of Dr plucknets I have only the 3 parts of his phytographia of Boccon I have nothing but his Ion: el discription: plantaru put out by Dr Morison Dr Sherard tels me he wil helpe me with his 2 last volumes father plumes Booke I have not nor Rivinus his ordo plataru; I have Aldovandi opera omnia Gesneri opera Musica Wormiani Prontuis’s history of East & West Indies & of Brasil Dr plots Nat: Hist of oxfordshire & staffordshire & Dr Leigh of Lancashire if worthy to be named amongst the rest, alsoe whatever Mr Ray & Dr Lister have written only his synopsis Conchilieru. Muffets theatru Insectaru, & Willoughbys Ornithologia, Mr Lhwyd Lythophysucia Dr Woodswards Booke with what has been writen against it & Harry’s vindication there are the those of my small stock which I am very desirouse to increase if you meet with any Bookes in this way (without giving your selfe trouble) that wil be instructive to me you shall be thankfully be repayed I have litle to offer to you in relation to coale plants but what Mr Lhwyd has already printed severall years agoe he sent me 2 or 3 of them out of Wales, which put me upon the Curiosity of inquiring what our Coalemines might produce & by good fate the first day fell upon the place where afterwards I found them in great plenty & though I have not been idle since in searching whenever I found coalemines, yet never had the fortune to succeed elsewheare, the place is now quite deserted, soe that I have litle hopes of procuring any more from thence these impresses are found in a bluish stone about 7 or 8 foot above the coale where this stone lys deepe you rarely meet with any, the greatest depth I ever found them here is about 30 foot from the superficies of the earth; in dignig [sic] severall pitts to draine the water from the Coale in this place I had the advantage of observing, that where the stone was softest which was always nigh the top of the earth there I found the greatest plenty of these stoaneplants which would seem I favoure Mr Lhwyds Hypothesis about the origin of these Bodys [fol. 5] if they would agree upon comparing with the capilarys of this country but soe far from that that I never yet met with one Ferne that did in all respects exactly agree with any of these fossil plants & to believe that the essentiall part of the seed of these plants should be brought hither by rains from far countrys & deposited in the Bowels of the earth to soe as to produce plants, seems lyable to a great many objection, however the notion is ingeniouse enough that these receive theire formes from real plants I am fully convinced, having often met with the plant upon opening some of these stones but always very thin & membranouse & apt to be blowne away with the least winde how these plants came Hither I shall leave our friend D. W. to determine, who I hope in his large worke when it comes out wil give us ample satisfaction about this affaire but that the plants themselves were driven hither from remoate parts in Noahs flood & to remaine soe intire when all hard bodys were desolved as to give benig [sic] to these figures I feare wil not be very easy to account for & why 1000 capilarys are found for one […] plants in this stone I cannot give any satisfactory reason unles we should say severall of these retaine theire leaves all winter, when those of other plants & trees are fallen and corrupted if we should allowe this why then are not the leaves of Hollys Joy yew Juniper Broome & other evergreens found here which are all over this country in plenty but noe representation of any of these ever to be met with that I knowe of amongst our fossil plants the thicknesse of the stone where they are found varys, the deeper it lays the thicker & harder & vice versa where it is within 10 or 12 foot of the surface of the earth it is not above 3 or 4 foot thick but where 40 or 5 foot deepe perhaps 8 or 10 thick within this stone are often found small Iron stones with the figurs of plants upon them which can scarce be reconciled to the Dr not in of specifick gravity & levity of which you shall have specimens when I have a collection worth sending. there impresses are found in the midle of a redish stone dug up in the coalmines at nue Castle of a Lenticulare figure which the workemen there call CatsHead some of these I have seen in Mr Thoresbys collection Dr Listers pectenites umbratilip is prety plentifull in these parts, & lys immediatly above the coale sometimes a foot thick & often two, but where this prevails the miners always looke upon the coale to be bad, & as they terme it cats out the coale it wil not be easy to refer this to any shell I ever sawe, but I feare I have too long detained you with this discourse towards the end of the next month I wil send you a parcel of dried plants & hope that before that time to pick up some curiositys to send you along with them which shall be the endeavours of Worthy Sir your much obliged servant Ric: Richardson

Richardson was a physician and botanist who traveled widely in England, Wales, and Scotland in search of rare specimens. He corresponded and exchanged plants with many well-known botanists and naturalists (W. P. Courtney, Richardson, Richard (16631741), rev. Peter Davis, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23576, accessed 31 May 2011]).



Patient Details

Letter 0757

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Richard Richardson to Hans Sloane – July 8, 1702


Item info

Date: July 8, 1702
Author: Richard Richardson
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4039
Folio: ff. 4-5


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 4] North Bierley July 8 702 Sir/ I received yours sometime agoe & am very much obliged to you for the offer of your assistance in order to a collection of naturel raritys; tis very likely you have duplicats of severall curiositiys often brought you to be sold when that happens doe me the favoure to be a purchase for me & I wil very thankfully disburst whatever you lay out upon my account any thing in naturell History cannot come amiss but in medals I doe not intent to concerne my selfe my collection of Bookes in Nat: Hist: is but very inconciderable being but an nue beginer in that way unles in Botany, & of that sort I am prety wel provided, though I want severall late Authors. I have nothing of Dr Turniforts unles his Cat: of the garden at paris & of Dr plucknets I have only the 3 parts of his phytographia of Boccon I have nothing but his Ion: el discription: plantaru put out by Dr Morison Dr Sherard tels me he wil helpe me with his 2 last volumes father plumes Booke I have not nor Rivinus his ordo plataru; I have Aldovandi opera omnia Gesneri opera Musica Wormiani Prontuis’s history of East & West Indies & of Brasil Dr plots Nat: Hist of oxfordshire & staffordshire & Dr Leigh of Lancashire if worthy to be named amongst the rest, alsoe whatever Mr Ray & Dr Lister have written only his synopsis Conchilieru. Muffets theatru Insectaru, & Willoughbys Ornithologia, Mr Lhwyd Lythophysucia Dr Woodswards Booke with what has been writen against it & Harry’s vindication there are the those of my small stock which I am very desirouse to increase if you meet with any Bookes in this way (without giving your selfe trouble) that wil be instructive to me you shall be thankfully be repayed I have litle to offer to you in relation to coale plants but what Mr Lhwyd has already printed severall years agoe he sent me 2 or 3 of them out of Wales, which put me upon the Curiosity of inquiring what our Coalemines might produce & by good fate the first day fell upon the place where afterwards I found them in great plenty & though I have not been idle since in searching whenever I found coalemines, yet never had the fortune to succeed elsewheare, the place is now quite deserted, soe that I have litle hopes of procuring any more from thence these impresses are found in a bluish stone about 7 or 8 foot above the coale where this stone lys deepe you rarely meet with any, the greatest depth I ever found them here is about 30 foot from the superficies of the earth; in dignig [sic] severall pitts to draine the water from the Coale in this place I had the advantage of observing, that where the stone was softest which was always nigh the top of the earth there I found the greatest plenty of these stoaneplants which would seem I favoure Mr Lhwyds Hypothesis about the origin of these Bodys [fol. 5] if they would agree upon comparing with the capilarys of this country but soe far from that that I never yet met with one Ferne that did in all respects exactly agree with any of these fossil plants & to believe that the essentiall part of the seed of these plants should be brought hither by rains from far countrys & deposited in the Bowels of the earth to soe as to produce plants, seems lyable to a great many objection, however the notion is ingeniouse enough that these receive theire formes from real plants I am fully convinced, having often met with the plant upon opening some of these stones but always very thin & membranouse & apt to be blowne away with the least winde how these plants came Hither I shall leave our friend D. W. to determine, who I hope in his large worke when it comes out wil give us ample satisfaction about this affaire but that the plants themselves were driven hither from remoate parts in Noahs flood & to remaine soe intire when all hard bodys were desolved as to give benig [sic] to these figures I feare wil not be very easy to account for & why 1000 capilarys are found for one […] plants in this stone I cannot give any satisfactory reason unles we should say severall of these retaine theire leaves all winter, when those of other plants & trees are fallen and corrupted if we should allowe this why then are not the leaves of Hollys Joy yew Juniper Broome & other evergreens found here which are all over this country in plenty but noe representation of any of these ever to be met with that I knowe of amongst our fossil plants the thicknesse of the stone where they are found varys, the deeper it lays the thicker & harder & vice versa where it is within 10 or 12 foot of the surface of the earth it is not above 3 or 4 foot thick but where 40 or 5 foot deepe perhaps 8 or 10 thick within this stone are often found small Iron stones with the figurs of plants upon them which can scarce be reconciled to the Dr not in of specifick gravity & levity of which you shall have specimens when I have a collection worth sending. there impresses are found in the midle of a redish stone dug up in the coalmines at nue Castle of a Lenticulare figure which the workemen there call CatsHead some of these I have seen in Mr Thoresbys collection Dr Listers pectenites umbratilip is prety plentifull in these parts, & lys immediatly above the coale sometimes a foot thick & often two, but where this prevails the miners always looke upon the coale to be bad, & as they terme it cats out the coale it wil not be easy to refer this to any shell I ever sawe, but I feare I have too long detained you with this discourse towards the end of the next month I wil send you a parcel of dried plants & hope that before that time to pick up some curiositys to send you along with them which shall be the endeavours of Worthy Sir your much obliged servant Ric: Richardson

Richardson was a physician and botanist who traveled widely in England, Wales, and Scotland in search of rare specimens. He corresponded and exchanged plants with many well-known botanists and naturalists (W. P. Courtney, Richardson, Richard (16631741), rev. Peter Davis, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23576, accessed 31 May 2011]).



Patient Details