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Andreas von Gundelsheimer

Andreas von Gundelsheimer is was a German doctor , born in 1668 in Feuchtwangen and died on In Stettin .

The son of a pastor, he studied at Ansbach then at Altdorf where he graduated in medicine in 1688. He accompanied a rich trader in Italy. He then practiced in Paris where he became friends with Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708) and accompanied him on his journey from Greece to Iran. They parted at Constantinople and returned to Germany.

Gundelsheimer served as a military doctor before retiring to Berlin. Prince Elector Frederic I (1657-1713) took him as councillor and ennobled him. He created the anatomical museum in Berlin. He accompanied Frederick William I (1688-1740) during the campaign of Pomerania and during which he died.

Reference:

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Gundelsheimer accessed 23rd February 2017



Dates: to

Occupation: Unknown

Relationship to Sloane: Virtual International Authority File:

Close Call at Bloomsbury Square

By Matthew De Cloedt

Hanging Outside Newgate Prison. Credit: Wikimedia Commons

When John Ray received Hans Sloane’s letter of 6 April 1700 he could not help “but be moved with indignation”. He was livid that four “vile Rogues, who when they failed in their attempt of breaking open [Sloane’s] house
 set it on fire.” Ray believed it was by God’s grace that Sloane, along with his residence at Bloomsbury Square, were not consumed by the conflagration.

The event took place on 5 April 1700 and was a close call for the Sloane family. During the night a group of three or four men snuck into Sloane’s backyard, which was backed by a field. After failing to open the back door they proceeded “by Instigation of the Devil
 to set the House on Fire in several places”. They planned to force the family to evacuate the premises and “under the pretence of Friendly assistance they were to rush in and Robb the House”. Using splinters cut from the door the men set the window frames on fire, which were “of a thin and dry” board that sparked easily. The pantry window “burnt with great Violence” and all seemed to be going according to plan.

What the robbers did not count on was Elizabeth Sloane’s alertness. Smelling the smoke, she sent the servants downstairs to investigate. Upon coming to the pantry a male servant opened the door, “was almost Chok’d, with the violence of the Smoke and Flame
 [and] Cry’d out Fire”. Instead of panicking the household took to action and immediately set to extinguishing the fire with water collected for washing the linens.

When the back door was opened to let the smoke out the men had already fled. The culprits had not expected the fire to be put out so efficiently and ran when they realized their plot was foiled. Luckily the neighbours had noticed a group of strange men waiting in the backyard and reported their number.

Sloane offered a reward of one-hundred pounds to anyone who could catch the arsonists, but he did not have to pay up. One of the men was arrested for another “Notorious Crime” in Westminster and, to secure his release, gave up the names of his companions. John Davis and Phillip Wake were apprehended and incarcerated at Newgate shortly thereafter.

Both men were repeat offenders and had a laundry list of previous offences. Had they been successful, it was suggested, the “Docters Family who went to Bed in peace” would have “miserably Perish’d by the merciless and devouring Flames”. For this reason Davis and Wake faced the death penalty. At the Old Bailey the man who identified his two accomplices testified against them and assured a conviction. Nothing is mentioned of Sloane participating in the trial.

On 24 May 1700 Davis and Wake, along with six others, were executed. Wake “seemed very Penitent” while Davis” seemed very much Concern’d and Dejected
 They both desired all Persons to take warning by their shameful and deplorable tho’ deserved Deaths.”

Sloane and his family were lucky to survive their ordeal for, as Squire Aisle’s servant’s experience made clear, it could have unfolded in a much more unpleasant manner. Near Red-Lyon Square, where the man resided, his house was broken into, his wife murdered, and the house set ablaze, “wherein she was Burnt to Ashes”.

Had Sloane’s family been subjected to a similar fate the fire would have consumed his library and collection (not to mention the potential loss of life. It might be worth reiterating that Elizabeth Sloane’s concern alerted the rest of the household. In saving the house she not only rescued her family and servants but all of the possessions in the household. Perhaps the smoke woke her up; maybe she was having difficulty getting to sleep. Whatever the case, it might be worth considering her an important guardian of the things that would later form the collections of the British Museum and Natural History Museum.

Stay tuned for part two on the trial at the Old Bailey!

References

An Account of the apprehending and taking of John Davis and Phillip Wake for setting Dr. Sloan’s house on fire, to robb the same, with their committed to Newgate… London: Printed by J. W. in Fleet Street, 1700.

An Account of the actions, behaviours, and dying vvords, of the eight criminals, that were executed at Tyburn on Fryday the 24th of May, 1700… London: Printed by W.J. near Temple-Bar, 1700.

Both texts available at Early English Books Online: http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home

Sloane, A Camden Character

By Kim Biddulph

“I will like history more.” This was the response from one of the schoolchildren I worked with on a project about Sir Hans Sloane. He had been asked how the project would change what he will do in the future. This boy had been difficult to engage and had struggled with reading primary sources. He had done his own thing when we were doing designing activities, and he didn’t even want to go to the celebration event at the end of the project. But it meant a lot when I read his feedback, and that is what he said. It made my day.

I highlighted this response in the evaluation report I sent to the UK Heritage Lottery Fund, which had provided the money for the project. Healing Histories took place over the academic year 2011-12 and, as project coordinator, I was based in the London Borough of Camden‘s School Improvement Consultancy Service. I worked with students from two secondary (high) schools on a debating project about herbal medicine and with another primary (elementary) school class on designing and planting a physic garden in Bloomsbury Square.

The physic garden in Bloomsbury Square.

But the most challenging and exciting part of the project was to get a class of twenty-four Year 5 pupils (aged 9-10) to research, write and design a trail leaflet about Sloane in Bloomsbury.

St Georges Bloomsbury with a statue of George I on top of the steeple.

Sloane lived at 3 and 4 Bloomsbury Place (then Great Russell Street) from about 1695 to 1742, and his collection was, of course, the basis of the British Museum. Through their research (prepared in advance by a freelance historian, Katie Potter), the kids found out that the Duke of Bedford had a house north of Bloomsbury Square and that there had been a market south of Bloomsbury Square when Sloane lived there. They also found out that he had been a vestryman at St George’s Bloomsbury, which was a new church, opened in 1731.

We also had a professional writer, Dr Michael McMillan, who helped the kids get into the research through poetry and drama. The pupils really enjoyed dramatising major events in Sloane’s life, like his trip to Jamaica and meeting the ex-pirate Henry Morgan, and the attempted arson attack and burglary at his house in 1700. Michael also challenged them to do the best writing they’d ever done. It really worked. They wrote a day in the life of Hans Sloane as he went for a walk around his local area.

The final trail as researched written and designed by 10 year olds.

Then they designed the leaflet itself, with the help of Sav Kyriacou of digital:works. I found some pictures of Georgian interiors for them to use as a guide to creating a colour swatch for the leaflet, and we did a very basic and fun cut and stick activity with all the elements we needed on the trail.

The trail was launched at a great day in Bloomsbury Square, and the Mayor of Camden attended, as well as Sir Hans Sloane himself (well, an actor)! The pupils had prepared part of the trail as a walking tour and gave it to pupils from another school. Then, as one final treat, I had organised for them to go into 4 Bloomsbury Place, one of Sloane’s houses. He had originally moved into number 3, but as his collection grew he needed more space so leased the house next door as well. Various businesses are now housed in that same building and two of them let us look around, including Prestel Publishing, who gave the pupils access to the roof!

We found so many sources and stories for the children to work with, including Old Bailey records of the attempted burglary and other crimes in the area, vestry records at St George’s Bloomsbury, and accounts of Handel leaving a buttered muffin on one of Sloane’s priceless manuscripts. There were all of his c.80,000 collected objects in the British Museum, British Library and Natural History Museum to look through, too. Sadly, we didn’t find the correspondence, which now fills me with regret!

The pupils got a lot out of the project, though. They looked at an array of historical sources, which the teacher has packaged up to use as a topic with subsequent year groups; they became amazingly confident in their writing; they contributed something to their local area; and their hard work was rightly celebrated.

There was something special about Hans Sloane that kept their interest. He led a fascinating life at a fascinating time in history, meeting pirates, Samuel Pepys, Handel, Linnaeus, and kings and queens. He was a high-achiever from a relatively modest background–and William Stukeley described him as not being able to speak in public at all. He had a tangible impact on the local area, with the British Museum standing as a testament to his collecting zeal. He popularised milk chocolate and he had a stuffed giraffe in his living room (both winners with kids).

Sign on the pavement outside the British Museum during the Olympics.

I have moved on to pastures new, but later this term the pupils who were involved in this project will do a series of talks at neighbouring schools to tell their peers what they have done and what they found out. Copies of the trail have been sent to every Camden school with ideas for teachers to incorporate them into their history or English classes, and the trail is being given out at the British Museum. So if you’re in London and you get a chance, go to the information desk in the Great Court and ask for a copy, then take a stroll round eighteenth century Bloomsbury through the eyes of Sir Hans Sloane. Until then, you can download the trail from the British Museum website.

Kim Biddulph trained as an archaeologist and now works as a museum educator. She coordinated two projects for the London Borough of Camden to engage children and young people with the heritage of Camden, an area of central and north London. Healing Histories was the second of those projects, funded through the UK National Lottery and it aimed to explore the heritage of Sloane, who lived in the borough for over 40 years. Kim also blogs at Archaeotext. 

Image Credits: Kim Biddulph

Letter 3457

Hans Sloane to Jean-Paul Bignon – 20. December. 1711. V.S.


Item info

Date: 20. December. 1711. V.S.
Author: Hans Sloane
Recipient: Jean-Paul Bignon

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4068
Folio: f. 65-69



Original Page



Transcription

Monsieur L’Abbe Bignon Je suis ravi de trouver cette occasion leure[?] es prompte, pour vous demander pardon de ce que depuis long temps je ni vous ai pas donné des marques de mon respect et de ma reconnaissance. Je Sevois au desespoir si vous attribuïez a ma negligence ce qui ne vient que de la difficulté que j’ai trouve a vous faire tenir mes lettres, ou de la grande varieté d’affaires que j’ai ouïs. Outre celles de ma profession, j’ai esté fois occupé a celles de la Societé Royalle es encore plus a ranger mon cabinet qui s’est augmente que j’ai esté constraint de joinder a ma maison, la maison attenante pour avoir le moyen de disposer mes curiosites d’un maniere a pouvoir & avoir recours, toutes les fois que la necessité m’y oblige. Comme je suis presentement delivré de tous ces emberras je me Hatte mesme que la peine que j’ai prise me donnera lieu d’etre de quelque usage a l’avancement des Sciences pour lesquelles vous vous interessez si fort es don’t vous etes un patron si illustre. Hier[?] qui estais outre cela une telle confusion. Il y a quelque temps que je fut appellés pour voir un garçon d’environ treize ans qui depuis trois jours ne faisais que vomir tout ce qu’il prenait. Il avais poux fort petit, les extremités froides, es il avais eu le matin beaucoup de frissons. Je pronostiquai d’abord qu’il mourrois quelques heures apres, parce que je crus qu’il y avais une inflammation dans les boyaus qui les avait deja mortifiez. Je lui ordonnai la Saignées par ce que j’ai tous aussi trouvé qu’elle etais bonne dans les grandes coliques, a cause de l’inflamation qui les accompagne, je lui ordonnai aussi de la Theriaque Aridroun[?] es d’autres cordiaux pour arreter le vomissesment et aider la circulation du Sang. Cela ne l’empeche pas de mourir quelques heures apres comme je l’avais predis et je persuadai ses parents a fair ouvrir le corps. On trouva que les petits boyaux etaient comme coller ensemble au lieu d’etre libres es detaches, ce qui empechais le movement peristaltiques, le colon etait adherent de chaqe coté au peritoine au dessus de l’aine. Dans les endroits out il etais adherent, il y avais de ulcers et du pus; il y avoir mesmes quelques endroits gangrenez aussi bien que dans les endrois ou les petits boyaux etait coler. En recherchant la cause d’un fais si extraordinaire j’appris que ce garcon etais jumeau es que dés son enfance il s’estais plains de douleurs de ventre comme on croyais qu’elles venaient des vens, on l’avoir Souvens purge, mais inutilement, avec de la Rhubarbe es autres semblables remedes. J’ai du penchant a croire que cet enfans avais esté pressé dans le Sein de la Mere par quelqu’une des parties de son frère, qui lui avaiens cause ces coharences. Es c’est la sans-doute une des raisons pouquoy les jumeau vivent rarement et sont d’ordinaire fort infirmes. J’ai remarqué en quelques jumeau des enfoncemens extraordinaires dans les parties exterieurs, qui ne pouvaient venir q’aucune autre causes, ce qui me fait croire que la meme choses dois arriver quelquefois dans les parties interieures. Je fus appellé pour consulter avec quelques medecins pres une personne d’environ cinquante ans qui des l’enfance, avais de l’aversion pour les viandes solides es qui aimais extremement les soups es les pottages ce que ses amis regardaies comme un ettes de sa fantaisie. Il avoir est referrez quelques jours es avait essayé toutes sortes de remedes benins, toutes sortes de lavemens, ceux meme de fume de tabac, sans aucune effet, dumoins il fus toujours dans les grandes inquitudes a l’occasion de son ventre qui etais extrememens tendu. Ce qui enfin lui causa la mort. En ouvrans le corps avec grand loin nous trouvanes que le Colon etais adherent de chaque coté au peritoine audessus de l’aine et 6 pouces au dessus de son [?] qu’apres de l’Adharences du costé gauche le boyau estais tellement retressi qu’il n’y pouvais passer que les substances liquids. Ces endrois retressi du boyau l’etais, a l’occasion de certaine putrefie liberté que s’etais donné le malade, enflame, ulceré es rompu, ensorte que les cacremens[?] les plus grossiers avaient passé dans la cavite du bas ventre par cet endroit là, au lieu de passer dans le rectum. Je ne doute pas que la plupart des aversions es des envies particulieres qu’ons certaines gens ne viennens de pareilles causes, c’est a dire d’une mechante conformation naturelles ou de certains accidens qui peuvens leur etre arriver mesme dans le ventre de leur meres. Je me Souviens d’avoir veu il y a quelques annees un Enfans de Neuf ans qui devint fort infirmee et enfin hydropique. Les remedes le Soulagerens mais ils ne l’empecherens pas de mourir. On l’ouvrir es on trouva que la vessie n’etais pas plus grande qu’une noix et que les ureteres etaiens tellement elargis qu’ils avaiens environ un demy pouce de diametre. Il etais sujet a une coutume qui parus inexplicable avans la mort. C’est qu’il ne pouvais pas fair de l’eau amoins qu’on ne pressas le ventre avec la main. Ce qui venais de l’incapacité ou etaient les muscles du ventre de presser les ureteres ou estais l’eau sans le secours de le dechargeans pas de l’urine comme il devais lui ruina la santé es le jetta dans l’hydroprisie dons il mourus. Il y a quelque temps que nous perdimes ici un bon chirugin es grand anatomiste nommé Mr. Cooper. Il avais fais beaucoup de decouvertes en anatomie, a laquelle il s’appliquais tellement qu’il lui en cause la vis. il dessinais tous luis mesmes es enfin il avais appris a graver a l’eau forte ensorte qu’il a fais des sujers d’anatomie dans une grande perfection. Je tachai de l’en dissuader autans qu’il me fus possible, de peur que les vapeurs de l’eau forte ne fissent de mal a ses poumons qui etaiens delicats. Mais ce fus inutilemens quoy que je lui disse que j’avais moi meme crache du sang, pour avoir observe de trop pres une distillation d’huyle de vitriol. parce que dans l’operation la force du feu fais passer a travers le aimens[?] qui joins les vaisseaus, des particules tres contraires a la recupiration. Je lui dis deplus qu’un jeune home etais mort pour avoir tenu la teste au dessus d’un recipient es respire un air meslé de la vapeur qui sortait de la precipitation du Lac Sulphuris. Je m’imagine qu’en resprians de tells vapeurs, elles firens le Sang dans les petits vaisseaux des poumons, car on ouvrir la veine immediatemens a ce jeune home, mais on n’en pus tirer aucun Sang. Je me Souviens qu’en mettans un jour la main sur un recipiens ou l’on faisais si je m’en souviens tien du bezoar mineral, les vapeurs qui en sortaiens me piquaient la main, comme si ç’avaiens eté tous autan de petites eguilles. Peutetre que ce sons de pareilles vapeurs qui l’elevans de la terre, causent les maladies contagieuses es epidemiques, dons les symptoms sons differens selon l’effet qu’elles produisens sur les differentes l’arties dont[?] le Sang est compose. Mr. Cooper avais un talens extraordinaire a appliquer les observations les plus delicates d’anatomie a la pratique de la Chirurgies. Je vous en donnerai des exemples une autre fois. J’ajouterai seulemens qu’il a laissé des descriptions es des figures des muscles du corps humain que l’on imprimera bientôt in folio. j’aurai l’honneur de vous en envoyer un exemplaire. J’ai addressé quelques petits pacquets de livres a Mr. de Lorme, ou il y a tous ce qu’on a publie [vos influences?] j’ai cru dîgne de vostre curiosité. Je ne scache pas qu’on imprime rien a present de considerable ou il y a de cartes nouvelles que l’empires[?] Nela on dis que l’Austeur pretend prouver dans les mots quoique fort obscure[?] a profitent[?] qu’il y a eu l’Empire d’Ariane aussi considerable que celui de Rome. Pour ce qui est des Experiences, je vous prie de jetter les yeux sur les transactions philosophiques que j’ai envoyées a Mr. Geoffroy. Le Capitaine Dampier est arrivé ici il a fais trois fois le tour du Globe, outre son voyage a la Nouvelle Guinea. Il m’a dis qu’il a aminé avec lui un Ecossais qui a resté seul pendans quatre ans dans l’isle Juan Fernando sur la coste du Chily. Il se couvrais de peaux de chevres, es se nourrais de leur chair es de quelques navers que le Capne. Dampier y avait autrefois remiz es qui se sons tellemens multiplier d’eux mesmes qu’il y en a bien presentement un arpent. Il avais devenue si seule[?] et si adrois qu’il prenais les chevres a la course et afin de n’en manquer jamais il avais accoutumé de couper les jambes aux unes es d’en apprivoiser les autres. Des que les aventures de ces gens-la verons imprimees, jaurai soin de vous les envoyers. Je vous demande pardon de la liberté que j’ai prise de mettre dans vostre pacquet deux livres pour le Pere Le Long de l’Oratoire, l’un des vieux Livres des chutes modernes qui ont este imprimer en Angleterre, afin qu’il qu’il voir quels sons les commentaires qu’on a publier sur la Bible dans ce Royaume. Apres qu’il en aura lire ce qui lui est necessair, je vous pris de les retirer es de les mettré dans vostre Bibliotheques car ils sons rares. il y a outré cela la Vie de Mr. Ray en Anglais pour Mr. Juissieu que je vous prie aussi de garder apres qu’il s’en sera servi. Il y a aussi pour la mesme personne un catalogue des ouvrages du Dr. Plukenet en manuscris qu’il sera bien aise de voir. Je ne me Servis pas hazardé a prendre tans de Liberté, si je ne savais que vous n’avez pas de plus grand plaisir que de contribuer a l’avancement des Sciences. Je suis Monsieur votre tres humble es tres obeiss. Serviteur. Hans Sloane A Londres ce 20ie Dec. 1711. VS.




Patient Details

Letter 4217

Fisher to James Pettiver – Fryday Evening


Item info

Date: Fryday Evening
Author: Fisher
Recipient: James Pettiver

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: MS 4066
Folio: f. 343



Original Page



Transcription

Just now I come from High gate and have hire[d?] there a lodging commanded by a friend to Mr Chapmann living near the Chappel, but this Gentle mann not having a room empty for me commended me to one Mrs Baskevile living behind his ho[use?] where I am intended to take possession tomorrow in the evening. Therefore I give this notice to You, and begg to answer, […] at what a clok you have a mind to go there to morrow because I may then perhaps have the honour to go thither […] whitin within your companie, else your business hindring [..]his, you will find to morrow night in the fore said house Sir Your very humble S. Fisher. Fyday Evening.

Fischer informs James Petiver that he made arrangements for lodgings in High gate. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (died April 5, 1723, Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor, architect and architectural historian. Fischer’s Baroque architectural style played an important role in shaping the architectural tastes of the Habsburd Empire. (Hans Aurenhammer. “Johann Berhard Fischer von Erlach.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed June 8, 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/208444/Johann-Bernhard-Fischer-von-Erlach).




Patient Details

Letter 3556

Hans Sloane to Pierre Chirac – May. 19. 1714


Item info

Date: May. 19. 1714
Author: Hans Sloane
Recipient: Pierre Chirac

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4068
Folio: f. 85-86



Original Page



Transcription

MonSr. A Londres May. 19. 1714. Vous pouvez vous assurer que je n’oubliez jamais les faveurs que j’ay autres fois receues de vous a Montpelier ou vous faisiez tant pour l’avancement de la medicine. Depuis ce temps la je vous avais souvent ecrit des lettres & meme depuis peu d’annees sans scavoir si elles sont parvenues jusqu’a vous. J’avais aussi demande de vos nouvelles de nos gens revenons de Montpelier mais je ne pouvais savoir de certain ou vous estiez que quand il y a quelque temps que MonSr. Le Chevalier Lemant m’envoyon vostre obligeante lettre. Depuis ce temps la je fus oblige de rester a Windsor durant la maladie de la Reyne je fus s’occupé par la pratique de la medecine que je n’avais pas un moment de repos pour vous ecrire que je fais autoure[?] a liré heures du matin. Vous savez ce que c’est de pratiquer la medecine dans une grande ville ou malades demandent du Soulagement pour des maux tant aigues que chroniques tant curables qu’inveteres de conformation, incurables & ou les devoirs obligent a y bien penser. Je vous avoue que le Mr. Chirae plaisir de voir des pays estrangers leur Habitants coutumes leurs productions & quelque esperance de trouver quelques remede Specifique comme le Quinquina, m’a determina d’aller aux Indes depuis vous avoir veu. j’en suis revenu d’au mercy sauf & sain apres beaucoup des perils avec une cargaison des plantes & autres choses qui m’ont bien payés mes fatigues, mais pour des remedes specifiques certains je ne les ay pas trouver, quoique j’aye pris beaucoup de loin de Scavoir des Europeens curieux Indiens, negres de touts pays & meme des Medecins Indiens & Negres de ce pays la, que j’ay veu eux[?] meme dans des miserables circonstances faute de quelque Scavoir[?] dans l’anatomie ou methodus medendi. Ces medecins comes nous autres ont bien des remedes qui font quelques fois du bien quelque fois du mal & quelques fois rien-du tout. Les derniers remedes sont dans ces pays la les fis fameux la nature faisants beaucoup principalement dans les maladies aignës, quand elle n’est pas detournée par des remedes renommées usiter mal a propos. J’ay desja parle des quelques unes de ces remedes & j’en parleray bientos des autres. Nous avons eu icy depuis quelques mois beaucoup de la petit verole assez mal conditioneè, quelques filon[?] malignes & quelques lamignes[?] intermittentes mais dieu mercy pas une contagieuse. On parle icy que vous avez ou parmi le boitail[?] des maladies contagieu & que cela s’il Suivi d’une mortalité des hommes. J’en suis four[?] par experience que les maladies des hommes ne suivent pas toujours celles de boutail[?] & J’espere que ce sont des centes mais cela ne laisse pas d’intimider quelques gens, & cela est remisses[?] pour les faire tomber malades S’il y a quelque chose pour vostre Seroni[?] icy vous ne pouvez pas me faire un plus grand plaisir que de me l’indiquer estant de tout mon coeur. Vostre tres obeissant tros humble & tres oblige Serviteur.




Patient Details

Letter 1222

Andre Gundelsheimer to Hans Sloane – September 27, 1698


Item info

Date: September 27, 1698
Author: Andre Gundelsheimer
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4037
Folio: ff. 130-131



Original Page



Transcription

Gundelsheimer has finally found someone to take Sloane a number of books on botany, pharmacology and medicine. He reports news of titles soon to be published and will send a number of plant specimens soon. Andre Gundelsheimer (1668-1715), or Andreas von Gundelsheimer, was a German physician. He practiced in Paris then accompanied Joseph Pitton de Tournefort from Greece to Iran and back before settling in Germany. Gundelsheimer was a councillor to Prince-Elector Frederick I and served Frederick-William I during the Pomeranian campaign during which he died (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_von_Gundelsheimer).




Patient Details

On Tooth Worms

St. Apollonia, patron saint of tooth pain. Francisco de Zurbaran, 1636.

The 9th of February is St. Apollonia’s Day and, in the U.S., National Toothache Day. So I offer you tooth-worms, which–as Nicolas Andry described them in An account of the breeding of worms in human bodies (1701)—“occasion a deaf Pain mix’d with an itching in the teeth; they insensibly consume the Teeth, and cause a hideous Stink” (85). On 3 July 1700, John Chamberlayne wrote to Hans Sloane on the matter of his own tooth worms.

Now, these men were not people with particularly weird ideas, even for the time. Rather, the idea that toothaches were caused by worms had been around for a very long time. For a good overview of this verminous history, you should read Lindsey Fitzharris’ post on “The Battle of the Tooth Worm”.

This idea was still widely held in the late seventeenth century, even by the intellectual elite. For example, at a Royal Society meeting on 18 July 1678, Robert Hooke compared a growth within a tree trunk to tooth rot. At this point, Society members digressed into discussions of worms causing rot and the removal of tooth worms. In one case, a woman extracted the worms with a sharpened quill; in other cases, “the same thing was done by the help of the fumes of henbane seeds taken into the mouth; whereby the saliva falling into a basin of water held underneath, would discover several living worms, supposed to issue either from the gums or teeth”.[1]

Old knowledge could even, seemingly, be supported by investigations using new technologies. In a letter published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1684, Anton van Leewenhoek described his microscopical observations “about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth”. Leeuwenhoek started with his own teeth, “kept usually clean”. He examined other samples of tooth plaque from two women, an eight-year old and two old men.Using his microscope, he discovered several sorts of creatures, some like worms, in the plaque—so many that “they exceed the number of Men in a kingdom”. These creatures, though, were present in sound, healthy teeth. Could these be tooth worms?

Leeuwenhoek was not so convinced by 1700 when two of his letters “concerning Worms Pretended to be Taken from the Teeth” was published in the Phil. Trans. He had examined two worms “taken out of a corrupt Tooth by smoaking”, one of which was still alive after four days in the post (sent on 4 July 1700). Leeuwenhoek believed it came from the egg of a type of fly that laid their eggs in cheese. He rounded up more worms from his local friendly cheesemonger and ran several experiments (including watching the worms copulate).

As to how the worms ended up in the teeth
 Teeth—or, flesh more specifically—were not the worms’ natural habitat. The flies took nine days to mature, but meat needed to be salted or smoked sooner. Leeuwenhoek instead believed that the worm specimens had come from a patient who

had some time before eaten Cheese laden with young Worms, or Eggs of the above-mention’d Flies, and that these Worms or Eggs were not touch’d or injur’d in the chewing of the Cheese, but stuck in the hollow Teeth.

Gnawing worms had caused the tooth pain. Or did they?

For his work on bodily worms, Andry had also examined some worms “that a Tooth-Drawer took off of a Lady’s Teeth in cleaning them”. Based on this case, Andry concluded that tooth worms rotted the teeth, but did not cause any pain. These small, long and slender worms with round black heads bred “under a Crust that covers the Surface of the Teeth when they’re disorder’d” (38).

To the modern reader, Leeuwenhoek’s argument is more sensible. Sure, there might be microscopic creatures living on the teeth, but they were not the same as the so-called tooth worms
 which were really more cheese worms than anything. But at the time, Andry’s version would have been compelling. Worms were thought to breed in unclean conditions and, as Andry made clear, they could breed under a crust on an unhealthy tooth: it was the disorder in the tooth, not the worm, that caused the pain.

James Gillray’s, ‘Easing the Tooth-ach’, 1796. Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

When John Chamberlayne, Fellow of the Royal Society, wrote to Sloane about his own tooth-worms, he did so in the interest of advancing knowledge and reporting on an efficacious treatment. He did not ask for Sloane’s advice, but instead reported on his visit to Mr. Upton, known for his “tooth-candling” expertise. Using heat and smoke, Upton removed rheum from Chamberlayne’s gums and extracted ten or twelve worms. This was apparently on the low side, since Upton on a really good day could remove sixty worms.

Chamberlayne claimed that he ordinarily had no faith in men such as Upton (meaning: irregular practitioners, sometimes known as quacks), but many gentlemen of his acquaintance had attested to the success of Upton’s treatment. Of course, given that Chamberlayne also described his teeth as “loose and corrupted”, he may also have been willing to try anything for what must have been terrible pain!

Chamberlayne was familiar with the wider discussions about bodily worms, referring, for example, to Leeuwenhoek’s 1684 article in the Phil. Trans. Besides the report, Chamberlayne may have taken a chance to do his bit for knowledge in another way: he may have sent Sloane some tooth worms. Is it just coincidence that Chamberlayne’s letter to Sloane was dated 3 July 1700 and that Leeuwenhoek referred to worm specimens sent on 4 July 1700?

Whatever the case, one moral of the story is: choose your cheese wisely if you have bad teeth.

[1] Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London, vol. 3 (1757): 428.

Letter 2700

Thomas Hyde to Hans Sloane – April 22, 1699


Item info

Date: April 22, 1699
Author: Thomas Hyde
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4037
Folio: ff. 254-255



Original Page



Transcription

Hyde, Bobart, and Wanley have been discussing an Arabic coin that is so battered it cannot be read. He will return the French book Sloane sent him as soon as he finds a reliable carrier. He mourns the loss of some draughts, which had ‘an exactness not observed by others’. Hyde cannot understand how carriers can lose what is entrusted to them. He asks for a copy of a work he struggling to get hold of and for financial help so he can complete his book. He is currently raising money through subscription but fears it will not be enough. Hyde asks Sloane where to leave the papers. Hyde was the librarian of the Bodleian Library from 1665 to 1701. He possessed excellent linguistic skills in eastern languages, especially ancient Persian and Arabic (P. J. Marshall, Hyde, Thomas (16361703), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14336, accessed 19 June 2013]).




Patient Details

Letter 4041

Johann Bernard Fischer to James Petiver –


Item info

Date:
Author: Johann Bernard Fischer
Recipient: James Petiver

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4066
Folio: f. 175



Original Page



Transcription

Fischer inquires whether Petiver received the letter he sent “from Paris 3 months ago[.]” Fischer insists he has done his best to serve Petiver in everything he “did charge” him with. Fischer informs Petiver that he has obtained 150 plants “and having brought them here by sea out of France … and will send them … next week perhaps by a Dutch Shipper call’d Kryn [Masters?] which will arrive at Lon-don[.]” Fischer welcomes Petiver to call upon him in Amsterdam. (Another individual is mentioned in the letter but their name could not be accurately deciphered – appears to be [Mr. Maillant?]. Bottom of letter is not visible on microfilm). Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (died April 5, 1723, Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor, architect and architectural historian. Fischer’s Baroque architectural style played an important role in shaping the architectural tastes of the Habsburd Empire. (Hans Aurenhammer. “Johann Berhard Fischer von Erlach.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed June 8, 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/208444/Johann-Bernhard-Fischer-von-Erlach).




Patient Details