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Letter 0513

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

John Ray to Hans Sloane – June 28, 1698


Item info

Date: June 28, 1698
Author: John Ray
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4037
Folio: ff. 91-92


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 91] Sr Looking over some Papers I found among them two leaves of Your Jamaican HIstory, wch were scattered out & mislaid, wch I have sent You herein enclosed. Your 3 last Tribes I returned & hope they are come safe to Your hands, though You have not been pleased to give me advice of it. I wonder that I have not of a long time heard any thing of or from Dr Preston. I have some Papers of dried Plants of his in my hands, wch I would willingly remitt, if I had but order from him wither I should send them. My other Twin daughter, as I think I hinted to You before, hath been very ill of the same disease of wch her sis ter died. I thank God she is in a hopefull way of recovery, though not out of all danger. We have plied her with chalybeate medicines, judging her disease to be complicated of the Jaun dise & chlorasis My wife tenders her very humble ser vice to you & I am no less Sr Yours in all offices of love & service John Ray B.N June 28. -98

Ray was a theologian and naturalist who collected and catalogued his botanical findings in the much lauded Historia plantarum (1686, 1688) (Scott Mandelbrote, Ray , John (16271705), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2005 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23203, accessed 18 June 2013]).



Patient Details

  • Patient info
    Name: Miss. Ray (John Ray's Daughter)
    Gender:
    Age:Pubescent
  • Description

    John Ray's twin daughters were named Margaret and Mary. The patient is one of the two.

  • Diagnosis

    She is said to be suffering from the 'same disease' (greensickness/chlorosis) that killed her twin sister.

  • Treatment
    Previous Treatment:
    Ongoing Treatment:

    Ray has been giving her chalybeade (mineral) waters.


    Response:

    Ray says that she is 'in a hopeful way of recovery', but is by no means out of danger.

  • More information
  • Medical problem reference
    Greensickness

Letter 3439

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Hans Sloane to Étienne François Geoffroy – July 8, 1711


Item info

Date: July 8, 1711
Author: Hans Sloane
Recipient: Étienne François Geoffroy

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4068
Folio: f. 62


Original Page


Transcription

Monsieur Jul. 8. 1711. J’ay receu vostre lettre du Juin il y a quelques jours & suis faché que vos lettres de Dec. si[?] ne m’ayant pas rendues. Vous pouvez vous assurer que rien ne m’es plus agreable que d’avoir de vos nouvelles & vous pouvez croire que Si j’avais receu une lettre de vous qui regardait L’Academie Je n’auris pas manqué de vous repondre. Je crois quil Serai mieux pour vous pour moy d’envoyer nos lettres par la poste que par des mains des particuliers. Jespere que quelques petits pacquets des livres nouveaux d’icy ne sont pas egarer [& sont?] rendus a Monsr. de Bignon. Je les avais envoyez de temps en temps a Monsr. de L’Orme A Amsterdam & j’avais joint parmi les autres les transactions philosophiques que vous Marquués n’avoir pas Quand quelque chose le public iy signe de la bibliotheque de Monsr. L’Abbe Bignon j’en mets un Exemplaire apart un pour luy comme par exemple l’itineraire de Leland fair[?] les antiquites & de L’Angleterre qui quoiqu’en Anglais ne suit pas [d’etre?] fort curieux & l’editeurs n’en ayant pas d’imprimer ques 120 exemplaires [aussi le livres il lire?] deja devenu si rare qu’on ne les peut avoir en donnait un prix double. Jespere que Monsr. L’Abbe Bignon à receu les 3 premiers volumes, de cet ouvrage. je lui envoyerai les autres a mesure qu’ils l’imprimeront Monsr. Geoffroy. J’ay fait part des intentions de l’Academie a Légard du Comte de Pembroke a des bons gens luy sont intimes trouve quil prend peur une tres grande faveur detre nomme par une Assemblee des Gens Si celebres & Sans coute aura touts les egards possibles pour L’Academie. Cest une personnes d’une grand modestie meritent qavoir & profite tout ensemble. J’ay recu les memoires de lacademie de l’annee 1708. Dont je vous suis infiniment oblige [?] aussi pour les traité des maladies des yeux & pour une infinite d’autres faveurs dont je vous suis redouable & que je noublieray Jamais. A légard des coquilles qu’on a trouvées sous terres chez vous, je vous en d’irai bien tot[?] mes sentiments apres les avais compares avec de pareilles qu’on a trouvees dans ce pais cy. A légard des ouvrages & des vies de Mr. Ray & Plukenet Monsr. Juissieu m’a fait l’honneur de m’ecrire & je lui enverrai quelques memoires la-dessus par une lettre particuliere comme aussi au Pere LeLong sur des chefs qu’il m’a demandées Vous me ferez la Grace d’assurer de mes tres humbles services Mr. L’Abbe Bignon & de luy dire que jauray l’honneur dans peu de temps de lui ecrire au long ce quil y a du nouveau iy sur les choses de Physique si cependant je me suis crû oblige de vous depecher cecy parcque vous m’aviez marqué que vous attendrez la reponse avec impatience. Je suis fort Sincerement vostre tres humble & tres obeisant serviteur Hans Sloane



Patient Details

Letter 3965

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

P.H. Zollman to Rutty – 8th May 1729 n.s.


Item info

Date: 8th May 1729 n.s.
Author: P.H. Zollman
Recipient: Rutty

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: MS 4066
Folio: f. 77-79


Original Page


Transcription

Hautefontaine between Soissons and Compiegne 8th May 1729 n.s. Sir On the 24th past I sent from Paris a long Box directed for you, containing a new Plan of Paris, the Author of which, Abbé de lagtive, gave it to me as a Present for the Royal Society, to be accompanied by a Letter from him, which however I have not yet received. I sent the said Box on the River to Roüer, from whence it will be forwarded to London by a ship, and delivered to you free of any expense. I have now the honour to send you some Copys of the Price proposed by the Royal Academy of Science at Paris, as I had them this morning from Mr Woolhouse. He mentions to me a new Book in [8?] you have de–sired of him (tho’ he does not name the Title) which he will send to me. As soon as I receive it, I shall take the opportunity of the first Messenger to forward it to you. It is now a long while since I troubled you with a Box of fossils from Soissons. I have heard you have been so Dr Rutty: good as to lay them before the Royal Society; but had any answer from yourself, I begin to doubt your letter to me may have miscarried. I should be glad to know, whether things of that nature are liked in the Assemblys, in which case I have more of them almost at the very door of this Country Seat, which I may send you for the Society’s Repo–sitory. They are most of them of the same sorts you have already, very beautiful and entire, but exceedingly small, so that if you approve of my sending them, the Packet shall not be very bulky. I intended, those I sent before should some free to you, but I hear the Custom House officers at Dover were the occasion of their going on to London perhaps at your charge. You will be pleased to lett me know whether you payd any thing, and I will take care to refund it. I hope you will be satisfied of my willingness to perform the little services I am able to do in my present situation, and you will give me leave to add, that it will be be your fault if you do not furnish me with opportunitys of showing how much I value the honour of being the Society’s Servant whilst I dare not presume upon sufficient capa–city of exerting myself as a Member. Any letter for me recommended to Mr Preverau at the Duke of New–castle’s office will go safe by the Post, and if it be a Packet, by some Messenger. I am with the most perfect esteem Sir Your most humble and most obedient Servant P.H. Zollman Octob. 16. 1729 Copied P.S. If the Custom House officers in France and England do not disappoint my care in packing up those Fossils, and they come safe to your hands, I beg you would be pleased to show them first of all to Sir Hans Sloane, and to make my offer of them, together with my humble Respects, acceptable to him; acquainting Him at the same time, that upon my first arrival at Paris, not finding the Abbé Bignon in Town, nor his Secretary at home, I delivered the Packet Sir Hans had given me for him, to the Surss at the Abbé’s Hotel. You will do me also a particular favour in You will excuse my troubling You with the enclosed for Dr Dillenius. P.H.Z

Zollman writes to Dr. Rutty to inform him that he sent a “long Box … containing a new Plan of Paris.” Zollman explains that the package was supposed to contain a letter from the Abbé de lagtive but he did not recieve it. Zollman informs Dr. Rutty that he has some copies of the “Price” which he will send to him. Zollman notes that it has been a long time since he has sent Dr. Rutty any fossils. He asks Dr. Rutty to find out if the Royal Society would care to receive any more fossils in the near future. Zollman expresses that he “value[s] the honour of being the Society’s Servant” and requests every opportunity to show his commitment. Zollman asks if Dr. Rutty would show Sr. Hans Sloane the box of fossils once they arrive and concludes by asking Dr. Rutty to review the paper he has drawn up. Philip Henry Zollman (c. 1680-1748) was the Royal Society’s first Assistant Secretary for Foreign Correspondence, a post he assumed in 1723. He first landed in England in 1714, was trained in several foreign languages, and regularly corresponded with Leibniz (Derek Massarell, ‘Philip Henry Zollman, the Royal Society’s First Assistant Secretary for Foreign Correspondence’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 46, no. 2 (1992), 219-234).



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Letter 3455

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Thomas Dereham to Hans Sloane – May 22, 1728


Item info

Date: May 22, 1728
Author: Thomas Dereham
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4049
Folio: ff. 165-166


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 165] Rome 22 May 1728 Sir Whereas I had caused to be sent a long time agoe to Leghorne to be shipt off those books & papers I mentioned to you in a former of mine , & that the shipp has delaied as usuall its departure, I have butt just received the Bill of Ladeing, which you will find herein, & hope it will come to your hands at the same time that you may hear the St Thomas coming up the River, so I entreat to recover the small case, & make acceptable unto the Royall Society the Collection I have made for them of the newest Philosophicalls Lucubrations of these parts. I suppose you will have received long before now the book of Rizzetti which I sent you by a person coming over hence directly for G. Britain, whom I changed also with a letter for you, & relating to the said book, I learn that at Bologna they try over again ye Optick experiments of Sr Issak Newton to confuse ye false suppositions of ye Author. Here enclosed you will find a small dissertation of a curious Apothecary of this Town, that has desired me to present it unto ye R. Society, & if his Hipothesis holds true, there might be found a true Antidote against the Gout. I am promised very soone the answers of the Professors of Padua to Dr Rutty, which I shall duely send him & Monsigr Bianchi is att work to send by my means his Observations upon the Jovial satellites unto Mr Derham, unto whom I entreat you to make my best compliments, & tell him tis the reason why I have not returned yett an answer into his last letter. At the mouth of the River Arno in Tuscany they caught a fortnight ago a Dogfish of 1100 pounds weight in whose belly they found the head of a young stagg with the horns 4 inches long, & all the skin of the body not yet saturated, by the length whereoff they judged [fol. 166] the Animal might have been of about 60 pounds weight & tis supposed that out of the forests of Pisa it went to drink in the river & was swallowd up by the sea monster, a thing that has never happened before in those parts. We have lately in this Town a Woman delivered of a Child by the Navel that is in a fair way of recovering, & you will find amongst the books an account of that by the Anus last year at Venice. I will not give you further trouble, butt Remaine with reall esteem, & trueth Sir Your most Obedient & most humble servant Thomas Dereham

Sir Thomas Dereham (c. 1678-1739) was a British expatriate and Roman Catholic who lived in Italy. He had a close association with the Royal Society (https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27dereham%27%29).



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Letter 3653

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Edmond Halley to Hans Sloane – September 1, 1729


Item info

Date: September 1, 1729
Author: Edmond Halley
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4050
Folio: ff. 181-182


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 182] Honoured Sr Her Majesty not having yet honoured the Observatory with her Royall presence, and finding by the News-papers, that shee with the prince very soon intend you the favour of a Visit; I humbly entreat you that when shee comes, you would present me to her, if it may be done without offence; and that as soon as you know the certain time of her coming, you will please to send me word by a Messenger express, that I may give my attendence accordingly. If this be practicable, I shall esteem it a singular kindness to Sr Your most obliged & humble servant Edm: Halley Greenwich park Sept 1 1729.

Edmond Halley left Oxford without an undergraduate degree to travel the world, giving him the opportunity to study astronomy on the spot. Upon returning to England he had a prestigious career and collaborated with Sir Isaac Newton, entered the public service, served as a professor at Oxford, and was appointed Astronomer Royal in 1721 (Alan Cook, “Halley, Edmond (1656-1742)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12011, accessed 1 June 2011]).



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Letter 4456

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Johann Georg Steigertahl to Hans Sloane – March 27, 1732


Item info

Date: March 27, 1732
Author: Johann Georg Steigertahl
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4052
Folio: ff. 91-92


Original Page


Transcription

Mrs Steigertahl is doing well and thanks Sloane for the ‘bon souvenir’. The carrier is Monsieur Pistorius, ‘Conseiller de la cour de Justice’ for ‘Mons. le Comte d’Erpach’. The latter was the son-in-law of the late ‘Mr. le Comte de Bothmer’. Pistorius’ writings have been published in Germany. He would like to view Sloane’s cabinet of curiosities. ‘Mons le Comte’ wants to see it too. Steigertahl thanks Sloane for sending the Philosophical Transactions with Mr Jäger. He received ‘les nouvelles literaires de Nürenberg’. Johann Georg Steigertahl (1666-1740) was the personal physician to George I of England. He was a member of the Royal Society and secured the purchase of Engelbert Kaempfer’s collection of East Asian curiosities for Sir Hans Sloane in 1723 (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Steigerthal).



Patient Details

Letter 4454

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Johann Georg Steigertahl to Hans Sloane – March 27, 1732


Item info

Date: March 27, 1732
Author: Johann Georg Steigertahl
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4052
Folio: ff. 91-92


Original Page


Transcription

Mrs Steigertahl is doing well and thanks Sloane for the ‘bon souvenir’. The carrier is Monsieur Pistorius, ‘Conseiller de la cour de Justice’ for ‘Mons. le Comte d’Erpach’. The latter was the son-in-law of the late ‘Mr. le Comte de Bothmer’. Pistorius’ writings have been published in Germany. He would like to view Sloane’s cabinet of curiosities. ‘Mons le Comte’ wants to see it too. Steigertahl thanks Sloane for sending the Philosophical Transactions with Mr Jäger. He received ‘les nouvelles literaires de Nürenberg’. Johann Georg Steigertahl (1666-1740) was the personal physician to George I of England. He was a member of the Royal Society and secured the purchase of Engelbert Kaempfer’s collection of East Asian curiosities for Sir Hans Sloane in 1723 (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Steigerthal).



Patient Details

Thomas Knowlton

Posted on April 14, 2017 by -

Thomas Knowlton (1691-1781) was a gardener and botanist. He corresponded with several members of the Royal Society before coming to the attention of Sir Hans Sloane. Knowlton discovered the ancient city of Delgovicia, near Pocklington in Yorkshire. His observations on the site were published in the Philosophical Transactions in 1748.

Reference:

Thomas Seccombe, ‘Knowlton, Thomas (1691–1781)’, rev. P. E. Kell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2012 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15777 [accessed 18 Aug 2014]).


Dates: to

Occupation: Unknown

Relationship to Sloane: Virtual International Authority File:

Letter 0769

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

James Cuninghame to Hans Sloane – August 26, 1702


Item info

Date: August 26, 1702
Author: James Cuninghame
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4039
Folio: f. 17


Original Page


Transcription

Fol. 17 Worthy Sir Chusan August 26. 1702 I received yours (being the first since I left London) by Mr Corbet in the Maclesfield which arrived here the 6th of this instant. You have formerly so preingaged me by your extraordinary favours that I can never reckon myself sufficiently capable to acknowledge the same. And now I must return you my hearty thanks for these Books you were pleasd to send me; any thing thats new & curious will allways be very acceptable. If youll but entertain the assurance of my incli- nations to serve you in the advancement of Natural History or any thing else, there will be no need of tedious Apologies when times & places are not favorable thereto, by reason of our floating circum- stances no way answering our expectations. I was upon the point of returning home in the Sarah-Galley, being there is no hopes of a settlement here, but upon the Presidents pressing desire & promise of better encouragement in the business of Pulo Condore, & withall the thoughts I had of making more considerable improvments and discoveries, I have been induced to make a longer stay in these parts. I have sent you a Book of Plants about 100 Specimens such as I have mett with since I wrote to you by the Eaton Frigatt, & likewise a few shells I procurd from Achem, such as they are youll be pleased to accept; & be persuaded that on all occasions I shall not fail to acknowlege how much I am Sir Your most Obliged & most Humble Servant Cuninghame For wants of better entertainment I send you a paragraph of a letter about the affairs of Japan written from Pekin to one of the Fathers at Ning-po was pleasd to communicate it to me a few days ago. Hoc anno (scil. Proterito) misit Imperator Mandarinum domus suo in Japoniam ut omnia quucung posit exploraret, et diligenter explorata ad se referret; hic nomine Vang vir imprimis sagax et ad exploratoris partes agendas peridonaus; peractis mandatis verity Pekinum circiter 8um Decembris, et relatis ad Imperatorim iis qua explorarat die 9a ejusdem, palam narrabat in Palatio, Japonum adium esse impla- cabile in Christianum legum, cogi advenas abiis ad conculcandum sacram Imaginem, visitari omnes libros in Nebi allatos, et exquirian an nomen Tien-tchu, aut ye-sou habeant; Hollandos ex Europais solos ibi sse, qui suis artibus alios arcerent. Rem tanti momenti penitus esse cognoscendum ratus, adere hominem institui post discessum Imperatoris in Tartarium die 23a Igitur 30 ad ejus domum perexi, domung cum nactus die 26a Decembris, ab eo quesibi quenam adii in sacram Dei legem Japones signa, proferrent Subjecit ille percunctans edicerem primum quam ab causam Japones odium illus in nos concepissent, et summ⠣autel arcerent a finibus suis; tandem illum cum urbanitate induxi et prius mihi ad quesitum responderet. Ubi inquit anchora jacta est, et Japones cum inter- pretibus et Scribis suis advenerunt, singulorum nomina excipiunt, etatem ad Religionem Deinde legunt unum diploma satis amplum contra legem Christianum et Christianos plenum gravissimis imprecationibus, et opprobriis; quorum tamen aiebat se non memi nisse, que tamen supprimere videbatur, ubi et multa alia, veritus caram me ea, utpote auditu gravia, proferre. Cum autem rursum urgeret ut causam tanti adii proferrem, dixi cum satis ibi explorasse authoritatem Bonziorum, qui non solum populi sed magnatum animos inflecterent, nostros olim ibi legem Christi predicantes eorum frauds aperiusse, quo fiebat ut, cum antea multa millia aureorum acciperent syngraphis suis in aliam vitam trans- mittenda, postmodum summa inopia premerentur; qua in rabiem acti, in Christiane legis predicators insurrexerunt: Non ita est inquit, sed Pradicatorum ope et industria Europoei Japoniam armis occupare volueruntl at subjeci, quam vana est illa cogitatio quod Europoei distantes a Japonia 90 millibus stadiorum Sinicorum, cum duabus aut tribus nabibus vellent Japoniam occupare, quae duenta millia armatorum potest educere, et Japones armis maynopere prestent: tum ille predicatores inquit ibi olim multos contertement ad suam legem et conati fuisse dicuntur ope multorum Christi- anorum vegnum occupare: Et hoc est inquit causa ob quam Japones tam atrocibus edictis summa ddidit ab Hollandis soveri illud odium et similes Japonum cogitations. Ex ipsa Japonium Historia hanc suspicionem falsissimam et nobis injuriosissimum amobi ut potui. Cumg discedertem ad portam comitaretur, rogareng amice ut si quid ultra vederat bel audierat, mihi exponeret; resporidit se duobus diebus omnia narrare de Japonia non potuisse Imperatori, ideo tam prolixe narra- tioni tempus deesse. &c. By which account one would suspect that the Jesuits interest at Pekin is upon the declining hand; for besides, we hear that the connivance of a French Settlement at Canton procurd by their means is orderd to be gone.

James Cuninghame (fl. 1698-1709) became a member of the Royal Society in 1699. He traveled the world as a trader and collected information, plant specimens, and curiosities until his death in 1709 (Gordon Goodwin, Cuninghame , James (fl. 16981709), rev. D. J. Mabberley, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6922, accessed 24 June 2013]).



Patient Details

Letter 0369

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

John Ray to Hans Sloane – May 25, 1692


Item info

Date: May 25, 1692
Author: John Ray
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4036
Folio: f. 123


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 123] Sr Munday last I received your kind Letter attended with a rich Present of sugar to my Wife: They were both very gratefull & acceptable; only the latter was too great & inadequate to any merit of mine to be received without some shame; as well the quality as quantity concurring to tender it valuable. You have so highly pleased & obliged my Wife, that she is much in commendation of your generosity, & returns you her humble service & hearty thanks; wishing that you were heer to partake of some of the effects of your kindnesse. I have been importunate with you to hasten the publication of your Discoveries in ye History of Nature, as well for the Advancement of reall knowledge, & gratification of the Learned & inquisitive, as for your own deserved ho [sic] honour; that some other man might not prevent you, & by some means or other intercept what is yours. I am glad you make such progresse, & cannot but approve your deliberation & circumspection: and agree with you that the clearing up of difficulties, & Reconciling of Authors, & reducing & settling the severall histories & relations of species, will be a thing of eminent use, & of as much advantage to the Reader as pains to the Author. The little plant you sent formerly you now conclude to be the Callitriche Pliny of Columna, & so it may be. I haveing never seen that I find it overseen & omitted by me in my History: I suppose because being seminiferous, I deferred it when I entred the Lentiule; thinking to put it in in [sic] another place; & afterwards forgote it. Those Instances you would have added to my Discourse concerning ye Wisdome of God, I know are so considerable, that I am sorry my Book Wants them, wch might have recommended it to ye Reader. If I had thought you would have been willing to spare time to peruse it, you should have had a sight of the Copy before it had been committed to ye Presse. I am this morning sending away my Discourses concerning the Primitive Chaos & Creation of the World; the General Deluge, & future Conflagration wth additions for a Second Edition. If you please to revise & correct it before it be printed, I will order Mr Smith to deliver the Copy to you for that purpose. Mr Beaumont is a person that hath been very diligent in searching out and collecting, & curious in observing of petrified shels & other bodies, & I suppose well qualified to write concerning them. I heard that he once threatned to write something in contradiction to Mr Burnets Theory of the Earth; wch piece I could wish to see. I am now upon a methodical synopsis of all British Animals excepting Insects: and it will be a general Synops. of Quadrupeds. It will take me up more time to finish then I thought when I first set upon it: indeed so much, as if I had foreseen, I should hardly have been induced to undertake it. But now I must goe on. The Remainder is, great thanks for your extraordinary kindnesse, attested by reall effects; & profession of readiness to shew my self gratefull if any occasion of serving you offers to Sr , Your affectionate friend & servant John Ray Black Notley May 25. 92.

Ray was a theologian and naturalist who collected and catalogued his botanical findings in the much lauded Historia plantarum (1686, 1688) (Scott Mandelbrote, Ray , John (16271705), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2005 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23203, accessed 18 June 2013]).



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