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Letter 4295

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Michael Maittaire to Hans Sloane – July 25, 1731


Item info

Date: July 25, 1731
Author: Michael Maittaire
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4051
Folio: ff. 282-283


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 282] 1731. July ye 25 Hond Sir, I am very much obliged to you for your accustomed communicative temper; which I wish all learned men were endow’d with. I don’t doubt but you’l secure the valuable MS. you mention for your Library, which ough to want nothing that is good and rare. The next opportunity I have of coming to town, I’l take the liberty of waiting on you, and viewing it. The printed books of the Oxford Marbles have indeed many faults, which could not escape the eyes of so sagacious a man as Dr Halley. I receiv’d by this Post a Proof of my edition of the Marbles, wch I am now sending back corrected. The numbers of the pages of that sheet are 637, 638, 639, 640. By which you may perceive, how many sheets we have finished. Our family here is in very much hurry. The Dutchess was yesterday morning taken ill of a sudden. Give me leave to subscribe myself, Worthy Sir, with much gratitude and respect, Your most obedient and most humble servt MMaittaire I must also acquaint you, that I am hard at work upon a tedious and long Index to my Annales Typographici. ‘Tis written fair as farr as the Letter G.

Michael Maittaire was a classical scholar, typographer, and schoolmaster. He was educated at Westminster School and and Christ Church, Oxford. Mattaire was under-master at Westminster School from 1695 to 1699 before founding his own private school at Mile End. He published editions of Latin and Greek classics throughout his scholarly career and had an extensive library (Margaret Clunies Ross, Amanda J. Collins, Maittaire, Michael (16681747), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17841, accessed 16 Aug 2013]).



Patient Details

Sloane the Chocolatier: A Tasty Myth

Posted on October 19, 2014 by - Botany, Jamaica, Remedies, Sociability, Undergraduate Research

By James Hawkes

Sir Hans Sloane is a man who is justly remembered for many things, as a philanthropist, President of the Royal Society, and father of the British Museum. But one thing it seems he shall always be remembered for is inventing milk chocolate. For that alone he would truly deserve to be remembered as one of the greatest luminaries of his own or any other age.  But…

Does Sloane deserve to be credited as the inventor of milk chocolate as he is so often lauded for all across the internet? Even the British Museum proclaims that “It was Sir Hans Sloane who introduced milk chocolate for drinking.” Unfortunately it seems that Sloane and milk chocolate is a myth with little basis in reality.

Three tin-glazed earthenware chocolate cups, ca. 1740-1745. Image Credit: British Museum.

Three tin-glazed earthenware chocolate cups, ca. 1740-1745. Image Credit: British Museum.

Chocolate had been in use long before Columbus, with the Mesoamericans drinking a bitter but spicy chocolate drink. Following the Spanish conquest similar chocolate drinks spread to Spain and gradually began to slowly make inroads throughout Europe. It was not until shortly before Sloane’s birth in the mid-seventeenth century that chocolate began to enter the English consciousness as both a medicine and an exotic treat for the English elite. Sloane’s life witnessed an increasing prevalence of chocolate in England, although it remained a luxury. Its status as a luxury good and status symbol is underscored by the beautiful chocolate cups Sloane imported from Italy. Chocolate was thought to have many different properties, it could serve as an aphrodisiac or help with hangovers.

Trade-card 'Sir Hans Sloane's Milk Chocolate'. Image Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

Trade-card ‘Sir Hans Sloane’s Milk Chocolate’. Image Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

But contrary to popular belief Sloane did not invent the concept of milk chocolate. In fact, a great variety of milk chocolates and even icy chocolate cream recipes had been published for the English market in the seventeenth century.[1] Shortly after Sloane’s death in 1753 an entrepreneur named Nicholas Sanders brought Sloane’s Milk Chocolate onto the market. Sanders claimed to have an original chocolate recipe from Sloane as he battled against others attempting to purvey chocolate with Sloane’s name.[2] Sloane’s name remained golden, so far as chocolate buyers were concerned. The famous Cadbury Company even sold chocolate under his name in the nineteenth century. And of course, there is the modern Hans Sloane Drinking Chocolate.

As James Delbourgo has argued, Sloane–a rich baronet–would have had little motivation to get into such a grubby business as chocolate selling. Particularly “in an era that prized the public fiction of gentlemanly disinterestedness,” a close association with an item which had such negative, even racy connotations, would not have served his hard won image of virtue.[3] Sloane was a doctor and as such had been known to prescribe chocolate medicinally now and again. He even appears to have enjoyed it as a treat on occasion.

Sloane’s time in Jamaica had given him first-hand experience of the exotic, including the use of cocoa. His scientific publications included high quality illustrations of cocoa and he preserved a botanical specimen in his collection.

Chocolate suffered a bit of a branding problem in England since first entering the market in the seventeenth century. Promoters often attempted to improve its reputation by claiming that their recipes had sanction from the high and mighty, whether a king, or like Sloane–a famed physician to royalty.

In the eighteenth century, the lower classes were unlikely to consume chocolate, while chocolate took on decadent, even subversive associations in elite culture. Chocolate houses often catered to gambling (such as the famous modern gentlemen’s club White’s which was founded as a chocolate house) and on the political spectrum it included the almost-Jacobite Ozinda’s, with the Cocoa Tree serving as an unofficial Tory headquarters.

White's Chocolate House, London c.1708 coloured lithograph published by Cadbury. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.

White’s Chocolate House, London c.1708 coloured lithograph published by Cadbury. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.

So why does the idea that Sloane invented milk chocolate persist? Well, it makes a nice story and, once a story becomes common, it can be difficult to correct. It is an easy and compelling tale to have the first inventor of something be a famous and important person who got it right the first time… Unfortunately the attribution of milk chocolate to Sloane is no more than just another tasty myth.

[1] Kate Loveman, “The Introduction of Chocolate into England: Retailers, Researchers, and Consumers, 1640-1730,” Journal of Social History, No. 47 Vol. 1 (2013): 34-35.

[2] James Delourgo, “Sir Hans Sloane’s Milk Chocolate and the Whole History of the Cacao,” Social Text 106, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2011): 86.

[3] Ibid.                                                                          

Letter 3864

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Hans Sloane to Jean-Paul Bignon – 30 Juill. 1717[?]


Item info

Date: 30 Juill. 1717[?]
Author: Hans Sloane
Recipient: Jean-Paul Bignon

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4068
Folio: f. 133-134


Original Page


Transcription

À Monseigr. L’abbè Bignon Ce 30 Juill. 1717[?] Monseigneur Comme je n’ay pas eu depuis quelque temps le plaisir d’apprendre de nouvelles d’une santé qui m’est aussi chere que la vostre. Je n’ay pas voulû negliger une occasion, qui se presentait d’ailleurs, de m’en[?] informer. Il y a quelque temps, que j’eu fruit un petit memoire sur une paire des cornes d’une grandeur figure fort extraordinaire, que J’ay dans ma collection. J’ignorais pendant longtemps a quel animal celles pouvait c’en appartenir, a en juger boeufs par la figure on les avait prises pour des cornes d’une grande chevre mais[?] j’ay conjecture du depuis, qu’une grande espece des boeufs d’Ethiopie qui a etè fort particulierement decrite par les anciens quoy que presque inconnue aux modernes, en porte les semblables avec vray semblance Je prens le libertè de vrai communiquer mes conjectures la dessus[?] dans le papier cy point d’y ajouter des desseins des cornes en question Si vous jugeZ a propos de les communiquer à votre Illustre academie fie sera peut etre plus, qu’elles ne mentent Je suis aprèZ a preparer un autre memoire, sur des dents & autres os d’Elephant qui se trouvent fossiles sous terre, à l’occasion de quelques uns * Je feray pareillement quelques observations sur la structure de l’Ivoire, que Je prouverais etre lamellée, ni composes de membranes sur membranes, chaques membrane semblants une feuille du parchemin. que J’ay dans ma collection & je tacheray a cette occasion de montrer que la pluspart des relations des os des geants trouveZ sous terres qui sont dispersez par cy par là, dans les auteurs tant anciens que modernes doivent vrays enstablement calendre des os d’Elephant de Baleines ou bien de quelque autres grand animal soit de mer soit de terre & mais pour ne pas tirer cette lettre trop en longueur Je m’en remets au Memoire mesme, que Je ne manqueray pas de vous envoyer bien post[?] seray rair[?] Monseigneur d’etre honorè de vos ordres & de montrer a toute occasion que Je suis avec une parfaite consideration



Patient Details

A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed

Posted on September 19, 2015 by - Early Modern History, Hans Sloane's Personal Life, Legal, Networks, Patronage, Sociability, Undergraduate Research

By James Hawkes

Saving lives may have been Sir Hans Sloane’s day job as a physician, but in one case he even saved a friend from the hangman: Patrick Blair, who had been sentenced to death for high treason.

A Scottish surgeon and botanist, Blair had known Sloane since 1705 after persuading a fellow Scotsmen to introduce him. Sloane and Blair corresponded for several years on diverse subjects, from botany, elephants, medical practices, books and more. But in the aftermath of the failed Jacobite rising of 1715, Blair also discovered the real importance of networking and patronage.

Britain was in a state of political upheaval for decades following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II may have been dethroned,  but his followers–Jacobites–repeatedly attempted to restore him to the throne. The Union of the English and Scottish parliaments in 1707 was resented by many in Scotland and strengthened Jacobitism.

Sloane, born a Presbyterian son of Ulster planters, was staunch Whig and loyal to the new royal family. Not only was his brother, James, a Whig Member of Parliament, but Sir Hans was a royal physician. In 1714, he had even attended Queen Anne upon her deathbed, prolonging her life long enough to thwart the schemes for a Jacobite restoration and to secure the Protestant Hanoverian succession.

Just one year later came ‘the Fifteen,’ a poorly organised Jacobite uprising in both Scotland and western England. Blair joined the revolt in Scotland as a surgeon, but was captured at the Battle of Preston and sent to Newgate Prison, London. He desperately wrote to his friends in the hopes of obtaining relief for himself and his suffering family.

my poor wife and children are in greatest misery and distress and that the very little they have to Live upon in Life to be utterly Lost so that they are Like to be reduced to a starving condition unless the Government shall see fit to show me their mercy and grant me relief.

A prisoner in a Newgate cell just a decade after Blair left. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

A prisoner in a Newgate cell just a decade after Blair left. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

In these pathetic pleas Blair also denies that he was ever truly a Jacobite, insisting that the rebels gave him no choice. One might suspect that Sloane found these claims a little hard to swallow given that he probably knew that Blair came from a Jacobite family and was religiously a Non-Juror–a member of the schismatic Episcopalian church who refused to swear allegiance to any but the exiled Stuarts.

It is only natural that Blair sought to preserve a sense of normality during this time of personal crisis. For instance, he sent Sloane a letter discussing their mutual botanical interests and his desire to do some gardening for Sloane, “I want to be serviceable to you for the obligations I received from you. The plants spring in my mind as fast as they do in the ground you proposed I might assist you with Last.”

Despite the efforts of his friends, including Sloane who visited him in prison, Blair was condemned to death following his guilty plea. He continued to beg for Sloane’s help.

But now having in the most submissive manner subjected myself to his majesty’s mercy I hope by your intercession… to obtain his most gracious pardon and Liberation … I therefore humbly crave you’l be pleasd to use your endeavours in that matter.

Blair had good reason to be frightened, as the Lord High Steward’s sentence of death against other rebels a few months earlier declared that they were to be brought from the Tower and:

drawn to the place of execution. When you come there, you must be hanged by the neck, but not until you are dead; for you must be cut down alive, then your bowels must be taken out and burnt before your faces; then your head s must be severed from your bodies and your bodies divided each into four quarters and these must be at the king’s disposal.[1] 

Although most of the condemned had their sentences commuted to a ‘mere’ beheading, it’s unlikely that Blair would have been reassured. There was a distinct possibility that he could end up one of the relatively few Jacobites made an example of, either through execution or exile to the colonies. Although Blair hoped that Sloane could secure him a pardon, the government kept him waiting until midnight before his scheduled execution to inform him of his reprieve.

Afterwards, Sloane continued to support Blair financially by helping him to relocate and put his life back together.  This demonstrated not only the enduring value of wealthy and well-connected friends, but also how friendship could cross political and sectarian boundaries. Despite the polarised and often violent atmosphere of politics in this period, friendship and the higher cause of the Royal Society and Republic of Letters still trumped politics.

Broadside image of the Pretender, Prince James, Landing at Peterhead on 2 January 1716. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

Broadside image of the Pretender, Prince James, Landing at Peterhead on 2 January 1716. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

Of course, aside from simple friendship, cultivating these connections may have represented something of an insurance policy for Sloane, just in case the King over the Waters should ever follow in footsteps of his uncle Charles II and make a triumphant march into London.

[1] Margaret Sankey, Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion: Preventing and Punishing Insurrection in Early Hanoverian Britain, (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005), 27.

 

Letter 1050

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Patrick Blair to Hans Sloane – May 24, 1706


Item info

Date: May 24, 1706
Author: Patrick Blair
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4040
Folio: ff. 169-170


Original Page


Transcription

Patrick Blair, Sloane MS 4040, f. 169r.

(f. 169r)

Dundee May 24th

1706

Sir Yours of the 9th Instant is so obliging, & you have therin exprest such a Concern for the Papers I presum’d to trouble you with; that there only now remains in me a deep & grateful Sentment of such Surprising Kindness, & a despair of ever being able to give you any requital. All I can say, is, that since the Papers are now Safely in your hands, you may do with them what you please; for I Account it my greatest happiness, that Dr Sloane likes them very well. It would be no less my earnest wish, than your desire to acquaint you with such small Improvements as I can make in the discovery of any thing relateing to natural History. And if any enquiry I shall be able to make by a Late case of Providence, (I shall call it Lucky, if it shall any ways tend to that satisfying you or your honourable Society’s curiosity) may be worth your while it shall be my greatest ambition to acquaint you therwith. The Elephant which Lately travers’d the most of Europe; hapned upon the 26th of the ^last^ month to fall down & Expire within a mile of this place; I know not whether I more regreated its dying in the open fields, (since because of bigness it could not be transported) where the great throng, the heat of the day, small assistance, & Last day of the week, which kept me from doing all; that day, or leaving any thing undone till to Morrow; wherby such curious enquiries as might have been made into its Viscera were altogether Lost, or rejoice in being so near it, as I could not miss to observe Something, tho not in the Softer, yet in harder parts, any the Bones, of which I intend to mount a Sceleton, which with the Skin already So stuff’d, that it represents the Animal to the life: will be none of the meanest Rarities in Europe. I desire an exact Description of the Bones, but whether it shall ever see the Light, tis only you must determine eno, for if other Pens have been dipt upon that Subject my weake endeavours will readily prove less usefull. And as the kindness you have shewn me, makes me hope for your Patronage; so the steps I make therin can be only advanc’d by your encouragement. My Mehtod of Pro= cedure shall be 1. To take an exact account of their dimenstions & Weight 2. To ob= serve their Situation, Figure, Connexion &c 3. To lay down Rules for mounting the Sceleton & 4. To express all in Taille doux, but all depends upon your honouring me with a Return, which I wish may be with the first conveniency.  

Patrick Blair, Sloane MS 4040, f. 170r.

(f. 170r) As to what concerns my Papers now in your hands, tis my humble desire, Since you’re pleas’d to Signifie your good Liking to them, that you Likewise will give your Self the trouble of procuring an Imrpimatur for them from your honourable & ever to be esteem’d Society, & that you’ll acquaint me when with conveniency you can have them publish’d. Amongst the other Errours wherewith I doubt not they abound, there is one particularly to be observ’d which the Grammatical, yet continued throughout the whole Book Viz Ingred: which is made to govern the Ablative Past with the Preposition V.G. Ingredis: In Pilne lis. should be Ingred. Pilulas. If you think it convenient to give any Advertise= ment of the publication of them in the Gazette; Let it be done rather in the Fly= ing Post than any other, that being the News Paper we are most acquainted with here. You make no mention of the Synopsis Tournefortiana, so that whether it be the Manuale or if you intend to publish, or both, be pleas’d to inform me by the first Thus begging Pardon for my nauseous Scribling. I heartily conclude  

Sir

Your most Sincererly devouted humble se.

Patrick Blair

Some days ago I gave a short Account of my Observations when I open’d the Elephant. to our good Friend Dr Preston (who has now got the Physick Garden at Edinburgh) for they were so coarse; that I durst not presume to acquaint you with them   Since writing of this he has desir’d a further Account of me especially concerning the Trunk & its Structure, which I intend to give him within a few days. He writes me that he is resolv’d to acquaint you with it therefore when it shall come to your hands, I beg to excuse the Imperfections, for though I may use my utmost endeavour, yet the inconveneances I labour’d under cannot but make it very lame.

Fig. 1 from “Osteographia Elephantina”.

Fig. 2 from “Osteographia Elephantina”.

Blair’s account of the elephant bones was published in two parts in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society:

“Osteographia Elephantina”, Phil. Trans. 27, 326 (1710): https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1710.0008 .

“A continuation of the osteographia elephantina”, Phil. Trans. 27, 327 (1710): https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1710.0009 .

 

The envelope has a red seal and two post marks, as well as a note ‘pd’.

 



Patient Details

Letter 3791

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

John Cook to Hans Sloane – July 23, 1730


Item info

Date: July 23, 1730
Author: John Cook
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4051
Folio: ff. 76-77


Original Page


Transcription

[fol. 76] Sr Your kind reception of my Book, and the trouble you was pleased to give your self in Writing a Letter to me, Which I esteem as a Great Favour, from a Person of so much Worth & so great a Character, make me think my self bound, both in Dutie and Gratitude, to return you my most Humble Thanks. In Respect of the R: Society, as you are pleased to encourage me with the hopes of your Favour I doubt not but Mr: Cheselden and some others will recommend me further to the Society If I may be so happie as to be admitted a Member of It, which I shall always endeavour to Oblidge with any thing which may be thought worthie of their Notice I make bold to lay before them some Thoughts concerning the Gut. Cæcum in a Foetus before Birth, which if the Society shall think worthie of a place in the Transactions It will be an encouragement to proceed further in Other matters which may fall in my way. I am Sr Your Most Humbl Obedient Sert John Cook Leigh in Essex July 23d 1730

John Cook was a physician.



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Letter 0571

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Anna Hermann to Hans Sloane – April 7, 1699


Item info

Date: April 7, 1699
Author: Anna Hermann
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4037
Folio: ff. 243-244


Original Page


Transcription

Hermann thanks Sloane for sending money. She apologizes for the slow progress made on her late husband’s book and sends a copy of his herbal in the interim. Anna Hermann was the wife of Leiden-based physician and botanist Paul Hermann (1646-1695) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hermann).



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Letter 1537

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Herman Boerhaave to Hans Sloane – March 20, 1710


Item info

Date: March 20, 1710
Author: Herman Boerhaave
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4042
Folio: f. 116


Original Page


Transcription

Boerhaave was encouraged by Martin to offer his service to Sloane. Herman Boerhaave was a Dutch physician, botanist, and humanist famous for his teaching at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Leiden. He was a fellow of the Academie des sciences and the Royal Society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave).



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Letter 1567

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Herman Boerhaave to Hans Sloane – October 11, 1710


Item info

Date: October 11, 1710
Author: Herman Boerhaave
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4042
Folio: ff. 160-161


Original Page


Transcription

Boerhaave sends a catalogue of plants from Batavia, which he will try to procure for Sloane. Herman Boerhaave was a Dutch physician, botanist, and humanist famous for his teaching at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Leiden. He was a fellow of the Academie des sciences and the Royal Society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave).



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Letter 1264

Posted on August 2, 2016 by -

Peter Hotton to Hans Sloane – January 30, 1702


Item info

Date: January 30, 1702
Author: Peter Hotton
Recipient: Hans Sloane

Library: British Library, London
Manuscript: Sloane MS 4038
Folio: ff. 296-297


Original Page


Transcription

The packages sent to Hotton through Barthold Staphorst, a merchant of Rotterdam, have not arrived. There are problems with the carrier. Hotton reminds Sloane of requests made in previous letters and includes instructions for sending things. He lists recently published books. Peter Hotton (1648-1709), also known as Petrus Houttuyn, was Professor of Botany and Medicine at Leiden University. He supervised the university’s botanic gardens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Houttuyn).



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